Bible Verse Tattoo Minimalist, Articles P

Report fish kills, wildlife emergencies, sightings, etc. pecten es un gnero de vieiras grandes o almejas de agua salada, moluscos bivalvos marinos en la familia Pectinidae, las vieiras. S1 Fig. Belgique Mm., ser. On the Pacific coast of North America, P. : a fossil consisting of a stony mass that entered a hollow natural object (such as a bivalve shell) in the form of mud or sediment, was consolidated, and remained as a cast after dissolution of the mold. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period (age range: from 70.6 to 0.0 million years ago). No significant effect was detected for swimming and displacement behaviors with both accelerometry and acoustic methods, even at high concentration (Wilcoxon tests, p > 0.05, Fig 4A5 and 4B6). A 2-days control (i.e. Proof of ancient seas is, in part, from the marine fossils that accumulated with the bottom sediments. During the Pleistocene, A. nucleus, a tropical bay scallop, is inferred to have split from A. gibbus and to have become morphologically convergent on the true bay scallop, A. irradians. 06.03 Origin and Evolution of Life CS.pptx, Peak Solutions College of Commerce, Lahore, earth space science 06.03 Origin and Evolution of Life.docx, origin_evolution_life_activity(Corrected).doc, Spring Final Exam Review, Part One (On-Level) - Completed.pdf, Copy of DATA CRUNCH_ How Easy Is It To Get A Loan_.docx, COCA-COLA COMPANY AN INTERNATIONAL CULTURES.doc, Q 2 What is the reason to select this key Ans 1 The key is B Vaginal bleeding, Final project submission Statistics report..docx, The kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products FALSE.docx, 546 DO DREAMS TROUBLE YOU AT NIGHT Yes dreams trouble or No dreams dont WHAT, Becoming_excerpt_English_1110_McCormick.docx, Example Tirunelveli halwa Dindugal locks Sivakasi crackers Kancheepuram sarees, TOP Discipline Physiology MSC Organ System Gastrointestinal 9 Mrs G is 7 months, 03_01_virtual_cell_division_lab_report.docx, Finding yourself how social identity affects leadership.pdf, John is paid weekly and his employment has been terminated after 4 years The, (Week 2) Alexus Thrasher Epidemiology 91822.pdf. The scallop is the only bivalve mollusk that can jump and swim. Due to their potential sensitivity (e.g., environmental changes), bivalves through their valve movements can be monitored to detect harmful algal blooms. Animals were maintained under a 11 h light/13 h dark photoperiod. As a non-intrusive and continuously deployable tool, passive acoustics could be an effective approach to detecting harmful algal blooms in real time based on animal sound production. The number of each type of valve movement and their sound intensity, opening duration, and valve-opening amplitude were measured. Material taken from Geologic Time by 526. Polydora websteri also forms mud blisters in the bay scallop, Pecten irradians (Turner and Hanks, 1959). Miyazaki, Joan M. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Sound signals were detected manually. H. triquetra, a nontoxic dinoflagellate commonly observed in the environment, was used as the control diet for the experiment. Cultures were grown in filter and autoclaved L1 medium [32] at 16C with a 12:12 dark:light photoperiod (100 mol photons m2 s1). A. comparilis was apparently broadly adapted and widely distributed, living in bays, sounds, and open marine waters in the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean and probably extending through seaway passages to the Pacific, where it gave rise phyletically to A. circularis. 1.8 million years ago Pecten gibbus are index fossils found in the Cenozoic Era in the Quaternary period, 1.8 million years ago. Experiments were performed using four identical 100 L tanks (50 cm x 50 cm x 40 cm, Fig 1). Importantly, sound interference may be caused by boats or water conditions (rushing currents, waves, high winds), which makes passive acoustics somewhat more difficult to use offshore. On the first day of the experiment, each group was fed the control diet (H. triquetra) at the specified concentration. Anatomically, calico scallops are almost identical to bay scallops. The behaviours of this species have been described as being detectable in acoustic recordings and distinguishable from those of other known benthic organisms [31]. We suggest you upgrade to a modern browser. The shell was found by Soviet scientists and hoarded by Russian collectors until it existence was announced to the world in 1990. Lindstrm, Maurits [31] recorded P. maximus valve movements to evaluate the potential use of these sounds in monitoring environmental changes. An investigation of the movement of the scallop, Pecten maximus: Helgolnder Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, A revision of the cis-Mississippi Tertiary pectens of the United States. Where did they live? Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential for acoustics and sound production changes in the detection of harmful algal blooms. IX, Index to chapters A-H, p. 657709 (1950), Additions to the molluscan fauna of the Alum Bluff group of Florida, Pelecypoda, pt. Kirby-Smith, William W. Epibionts were removed from the outer shell surface and the scallops acclimated to laboratory conditions 4 weeks before the start of the experimental sessions. The behavioural and physiological responses of bivalves may be related to the toxicity of compounds produced by the algae [12], the concentration of toxins accumulated in bivalve tissues [13], and the history of harmful algal bloom exposure in the ecosystem [14]. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period (age range: from 70.6 to 0.0 million years ago). Accelerometer data always matched with video footages. Umur, ukuran, umur: Argopecten Gibbus mencapai 40 hingga 60 mm (1,6 hingga 2,4 inci) Tinggi cangkang dan sekitar 80 mm (3,2 inci) panjang shell. This method enables the collection of biological data over large spatio-temporal scales using hydrophones and has the valuable advantage of being applicable to mobile species and to not be limited in individual numbers. 1975. Gravitational acceleration can also be used to determine the orientation of a body in space (body angle), calculating the body pitch angle from the heave or surge axes and body roll from the sway axis [25]. Comparison of Pecten maximus movements (expulsion, displacement, closure, and swimming) obtained with A) passive acoustics and B) accelerometry. However, no study of invertebrate sound production connected to harmful algal blooms has been conducted. Arguably the rarest shell today is the Sphaerocypraea incomparabilis , a kind of snail with a dark shiny shell and an unusual boxy-oval shape and a row of fine teeth on one edge. I-XIV, 1-303, Tab. Genus ini dikenal dalam catatan fosil dari periode Cretaceous ke Periode Kuarter (rentang usia: dari 70,6 hingga 0,0 juta tahun yang lalu). It lives an average of 20 months, with a maximum life expectancy of 24 months (Allen and Costello 1972). The valve activity of P. maximus was different when exposed to high concentrations (500 000 cells L-1) of A. minutum compared to the non-toxic dinoflagellate Heterocapsa triquetra; the number of valve movements increased, especially closure and expulsion, which were detected acoustically. After approximately 1 minute of homogenization, sound was recorded for 2 hours, which corresponds to the time for observing a thin algal layer on the silicone plate as a result of algal sedimentation since the sea water exchange was turned off. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Field Trip, Apr. Subspecies. Universit de Bretagne Occidentale, Institut Universitaire Europen de la Mer, Laboratoire des Sciences de lEnvironnement Marin, UMR 6539, LIA BeBEST, Rue Dumont DUrville, 29280, Plouzan, France, Current address: TBM environnement/Somme, 115 rue Claude Chappe, Technopole Brest Iroise, 29280, Plouzan, France. These four movement types were detected and characterized by accelerometry and acoustics, demonstrating its potential for monitoring scallop valve movements. Ancient oyster and bay scallop shells from Sable Island, Genetical aspects of metrical growth and form in animals, Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of wells in FloridaNo. When done quickly, this rapid reflex propels the scallops up off the bottom and to a new location on the seafloor. Survey Prof. Papers 142-A through 142-I; 142-A, Pt. Pecten (Fig. Previous studies have highlighted the ability of Alexandrium blooms to impact the valve activity of oysters (Crassostrea virginica and Crassostrea gigas), quahogs (Mercenaria mercenaria), and mussels (Perna viridis) [18, 22, 23]. Calico scallops as small as 19 millimeters (less than 1 inch) or as young as 4 months can become reproductively active. The scallops were kept in three identical 120 L tanks (60 cm x 50 cm with a depth of 40 cm) for more space for each individual. Cultures were harvested at the end of the exponential growth phase. A 4 row table. They swim by quickly opening and closing their shells, propelling themselves forward. While bay scallop shells are solid in color, the upper shell of a calico scallop is a patchwork of red and pink. A) Accelerometer and B) acoustic data showing movement responses in Pecten maximus exposed to three concentrations of Heterocapsa triquetra (light grey bars, control) or toxic Alexandrium minutum (dark grey bars) for 2 hours (mean SE, n = 9 per concentration). Passive acoustics presents many advantages compared to accelerometry, as it results in no stress for the animal due to handling and it can be performed on a large number of individuals and on mobile species. Scallops have a tender, buttery texture similar to that of crab and lobster. They clearly appeared as potential parameters to follow in order to characterize the presence of an Alexandrium sp bloom. Sci. Each individual was assigned to a control treatment on the first day and then assigned to the matching toxic treatment on the second day. Nat. Genetic distances between these species were estimated using both allozyme electrophoresis and mitochondrial DNA . Unfortunately, sound production has been neglected in marine ecological investigations until recent years. Signals were assigned in groups according to their shape and acoustic features, then these groups were validated with GoPro footages/observations and accelerometer data. Three of them were used to run experiments with scallops. Thus, despite the fact that closure and expulsion behaviors were the quietest identified with passive acoustics, a significant increase in the number of events was observed with acoustics after A. minutum exposure. 1. At this stage, the AM89BM strain has been reported to produce 1.3 0.1 pg saxitoxin equivalents per cell [33]. Scallops were experimentally exposed to three ecologically relevant concentrations of A. minutum for 2 hours. the Corporation had dividends in arrears from 2019, After arriving at 66 km from the GGB, note your exact location on the map. ASW,Mexico Gulf. At low concentrations (5 000 and 10 000 cells L-1), no significant effect was detected on the valve behaviour of P. maximus compared to the control exposures during the 2 hours of exposure. Studies of the Niantic River, Connecticut, with special reference to the bay scallop, Aequipecten irradians: Shell morphology in the larval and postlarval stages of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin), Revision de quelques Pecten des mers d'Europe, Post-Miocene stratigraphy and morphology, outer coastal plain, southeastern Virginia, Office of Naval Res., Geography Br., Tech. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/, Argopecten imitatoides Macsotay & Campos, 2001. How fossil evidence supports the theory of evolution? and The most striking feature of the scallop is the presence of eyes that are clearly visible around the margin of the shell. This study aimed to detect reaction changes in the valve movements of adult Pecten maximus exposed to the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum using both accelerometry and passive acoustic methods. p. 4: 2008: Argopecten gibbus Hendy et al. 2, The function of zigzag de-flexions in the commissures of fossil brachiopods. PLEASE ANSWER THE FOLLOWING ASAP! Content may require purchase if you do not have access. A derivative of dynamic body acceleration, the vector sum of dynamic body acceleration (VeDBA), was calculated from tri-axial acceleration data as VeDBA = (ax2 + ay2 + az2). From the Cretaceous period to the Quaternary period. Orig. Calico and bay scallops are bivalve (two-shells) molluscs in the Pectinidae family and are similar in both anatomy and life history. Paleontologists can determine the age of fossils using methods like radiometric dating and categorize them to determine the evolutionary relationships between organisms. Soc., 2nd Ann. The present study evaluates if a coupled valve movement and acoustics analysis as a first step in the effort to assess whether an alert system could be developed using great scallops and passive acoustics. 2009. The alternative of passive acoustic survey could be an efficient system, offering opportunities for monitoring several and mobile species simultaneously, excluding or reducing human intrusion in the surveyed area. 711744 in Felder, D.L. Marine and Freshwater Res. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to attempt to record marine invertebrates exposed to toxic algae with passive acoustics. This unique, delightful flavor makes scallops a tasty ingredient in seafood scampi. In this context, we recommend using these values in relative terms to compare sound production between behaviour types. Indeed, a comparison of both accelerometer and acoustic data showed that 100% of swimming and displacement events were detectable in acoustic recordings, but only 51% of expulsion and 18% of closure events. Science Philadelphia Proc., 1st ser. Alexandrium minutum is particularly well established in marine European coastal waters [1, 4]. 1982. Turgeon, D. D., W. G. Lyons, P. Mikkelsen, G. Rosenberg, and F. Moretzsohn. Changes in the valve behaviours of P. maximus under short-term A. minutum exposure in the laboratory suggested that this bivalve species is sensitive to the alga at high concentrations and could be valuable as an indicator species for the early detection of harmful algal blooms. Retained Earnings 462 . The fossil members of the stock include the ancestors of these living species together with Argopecten eboreus (Conrad), an extinct species or species-group not ancestral to any of the later taxa. Experimental setup for recording valve movements and sounds of. hasContentIssue true. One, without scallop, nor alga, served as an acoustic control to record ambient noise and validates detected sounds from the three other tanks. We thank Cline Liret, Dominique Barthlmy, Sbastien Delaporte, Marie-Pierre Pelecq, and the aquariology staff of the public aquarium Ocanopolis in Brest for their technical support. THIS study is concerned with the shells of the prevalent species of scallop, Pec/en irradianus,' from Cold Spring Har-bor, Cutchogue, Fire Island Beach, and Oak Island Beach, Long Island, state of New York, collected during August and September, i 899. By the end of the Miocene, on the eastern side of the Americas, this variable species had split, giving rise to a primitive bay scallop, A. anteamplicostatus (Mansfield), that, like the living bay scallop (its phyletic descendant), was probably ecologically restricted to the semienclosed waters of bays and sounds, and to another species, A. vicenarius (Conrad), probably restricted to open marine waters like the living calico scallop. 2001. Analyses of the number of movements, the number of expulsions, and the number of closures exhibited by scallops over different time intervals (10 min, 15 min, 30 min) over the two hour period showed a stable activity over time in the presence of both algae at the three concentrations (S1 Fig). Microalgae concentrations were determined using a Nageotte cell under a light microscope. While bay scallop shells are solid in color, the upper shell of a calico scallop is a patchwork of red and pink. Seberapa besar pecten gibbus? The experiment was performed in an isolated room with no human activity or extraneous noise to limit disturbance of the scallops. It is split into Quaternary Period, Pecten gibbus, and Tertiary Period, Calyptraphorus velatus. Vol. Contains ridges 2. Hlne Hgaret, Mus. From Bermuda, at Milan Natural History Museum. Turgeon, D. D., A. E. Bogan, E. V. Coan, W. K. Emerson, W. G. Lyons, W. Pratt, et al., 1988: Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks. The species name Argopecten vicenarius (Conrad), unused since 1898, is reinstated as the only available name for an important taxon occurring in the Caloosahatchee Marl of Florida and the Waccamaw Formation of the Carolinas. Este gnero es conocido en el registro fsil desde el perodo Cretcico hasta el perodo cuaternario (rango de edad: de 70.6 a 0.0 millones de aos hace). In a possible context of monitoring harmful algal blooms with passive acoustics method, the analysis of both the total number of valve movements and the number of expulsions would result in a stronger comparison before, during and after the bloom. Like bay scallops, calico scallops are hermaphrodites (possessing male and female organs) and broadcast spawners, meaning fertilization occurs outside the animal in the water column. This species evolved phyletically through A. nicholsi (Gardner) of the Shoal River Formation and A. choctawhatcheensis (Mansfield) of the Arca Faunizone into A. comparilis (Tuomey & Holmes) of the upper Miocene (Tamiami, Pinecrest, Duplin, and Yorktown Formations). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. and D.K. AN W , U SA FIRS/S114 Scallops V 3,3 Adult phase CONTENTS 2DISTRIBUTION7 2,1Total area7 2,2Differential distribution7 2,21Spawn, larvae and juveniles7 2,22 Adults* 2.3 Determinants of distribution changes8 2.4 Hybridization* 3BIONOMICS AND LIFE HISTORY8 This will tell you about how long (in years) that the seashell was with the mollusk before it either died or abandoned its shell. Evolution at Work Darwin's Theories and Mollusks Sources About the Author Fossil Evidence. This chapter discusses the neurobiology and behavior of the scallop. Data obtained from a single great scallop exposed for 2 hours to the higher cell concentration (500 000 cells L-1) of A) Heterocapsa triquetra control treatment and B) the toxic Alexandrium minutum. Biologically, the study is limited to an analysis of the morphology and ecology of the living taxa deduced from population samples. Analyses of acoustic recordings taken in the empty control tank confirmed the absence of any significant acoustic signal outside the experimental tanks during each sessions and the sound transfer from scallop movement from a tank to another. Regarding P. maximus and previous acoustic studies, it has been shown that escape responses (swimming or displacement) and adduction movements produce specific sounds [26, 31]. Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. 1952, Catalogue of marine Mollusca added to the fauna of New England during the past ten years, A study of the family Pectinidae, with a revision of the genera and subgenera, Murex, sensu stricto, pt. These authors demonstrated that expulsions (called coughs) can be monitored in situ using passive acoustics and can be detected from a few to several tens of metres in different ambient noise environments, especially in the Bay of Brest. Pecten philippii Rcluz, 1853 accepted as Aequipecten commutatus (Monterosato, 1875) Rank. Our website has detected that you are using an outdated insecure browser that will prevent you from using the site. Report injured, orphaned or dead manatees, Florida Youth Conservation Centers Network, See a full list of our Social Media accounts. and its macrofauna, Intracoastal Waterway, Horry County, South Carolina, Paleoecology of the type Waccamaw (Pliocene?) It could be conceived to house a certain number of scallops under large cages with hydrophones above to perceive a great number of signals, including the quietest. They range from 70.6 to 0.0 million years old. Although closely related to larger bay scallops, calico scallops ( Argopecten gibbus) live in deeper, offshore waters along the east and west coasts of Florida. Collecting shells and shell grit is prohibited in national parks, nature reserves and Aboriginal areas. I of Mollusca from the Miocene and lower Pliocene of Virginia and North Carolina, Catalogue of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene Mollusca of California and adjacent regions, A new subspecies of Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus (Linn), Pecten (Plagioctenium) gibbus portusregii, new name, Safe landing on Sable, isle of 500 shipwrecks, The Phanerozoic time-scaleA symposium dedicated to Professor Arthur Holmes. Description. To identify the relationship between accelerometer and acoustic data, recordings were played simultaneously. 8 billion years. Pecten irradians Lamarck. What is related to Pecten Gibbus? Contrib., Arthropoda, art. However, no difference in the mean opening amplitude (resting periods) was detected during the 2 hours of exposure, which was 3 0.2 and 3.5 0.4 for all trials. No other valve movement patterns, such as acceleration, mean duration, or mean valve gape for a movement type, were affected by exposure to the toxic treatment compare to the control treatment at either concentration (Wilcoxon tests, p > 0.05). Even though specific experiments in the field are still required to test the acoustic assumptions, the present work clearly highlights that changes in the acoustics of P. maximus valve movement have the potential to be utilized in a powerful, non-intrusive method of monitoring the occurrence of harmful algal blooms. name. Their wings are much thicker on the inside than on the outside, causing this difference in thickness. Assessing the threshold concentration at which significant changes can be observed would also be valuable. A real scallop will have a similar thickness on all sides, whereas an artificial scallop will often be thicker on one side. Four behaviours were identified: closures, expulsion, displacement, and swimming. Assoc. Activities Complete the following activities: 1. Exposures to 5 000 cells L-1 and 10 000 cells L-1 A. minutum resulted in similar valve movement patterns as H. triquetra exposure at the same concentrations, but significant differences were obtained between the two algal treatments at 500 000 cells L-1 (Fig 4). and Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Once you have your total number of ridges, divide the number by 365. 2, Die versteinerungen Wrttembergs, oder naturgetreue abbildungen der in den vollstandigsten sammlungen (Les ptrifications de Wurtemberg). Differences between the two algal diets were investigated using the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed rank test for each concentration (for example, high concentration of toxic algae vs high concentration of control algae for the total number of movements) because assumptions of normality of data and equal variance tests were not validated. Help me please with clear and detailed explanation of the answer . Furthermore, additional studies should be developed to better characterize the impact of A. minutum on scallop valve responses. In correspondence, Dr. Paul Bartsch Butcher}, journal={The Biological Bulletin}, year={1930}, volume={59}, pages={154-164} } Valve movement recorded by accelerometry. Adults generally spawn year-round, with peak spawning periods in the spring and late fall when sudden or significant changes in water temperature occurs. Age, Size, Lifespan: Argopecten gibbus reaches 40 to 60 mm (1.6 to 2.4 inches) shell height and approximately 80 mm (3.2 inches) in shell length. Whats The Difference Between Dutch And French Braids? From these signals, we extracted two sound features following the methods described in [31]: received level (RL; in dB re 1 Pa root mean squared (rms)) and duration (T; s). K. Danske Vidensk. Using an electronic digital computer, data were subjected to univariate and bivariate analyses, and samples were compared using machine-plotted, bivariate scatter diagrams, reduced major axes, and other graphical techniques. The bottom of each tank was equipped with a silicone plate (0.5 cm thick) to prevent sound emissions due to the friction of shells on the glass when the animals moved. We are grateful to the chair Chorus for the utilisation of the tanks. PDF; First page. One hundred and twelve species are reported from this community of which only two, Polydora websteri and Cerato- nereis tridenlata, can be loosely considered as borers. Partie anatomique, Paleomagnetic stratigraphy and micropaleontology of three deep sea cores from the central North Atlantic Ocean, Biostratigraphy of Cenozoic Ostracoda from South Carolina, Kansas, Univ., Paleont. Copyright: 2016 Coquereau et al. View all Google Scholar citations However, despite not detecting a significant difference in the number of closures that could be detected by acoustic recordings (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.057, Fig 4B3), a clear tendency was observed. an ancestor that had some features now shared by both Archaea and Eukarya an Archaean similar or identical to Pyrodicticum a. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-rscnt These results were given by both accelerometer and acoustic data. Pecten maximus is largely an Atlantic species whilst Pecten jacobaeus is almost completely confined to Mediterranean waters despite slight overlap of distributions in the western Mediterranean. It would also be very interesting and valuable to assess the threshold concentration above which significant responses can be detected with passive acoustics. The hydrophones were suspended 15 cm above the bottom of each tank and linked to the acoustic recorder. 5 (Contract NONR, Shell structure of west American Pelecypoda, Observations on some structural features of the pelecypod shell. Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Farris Bryant Building REVERSAL OF PHOTOTROPISM IN A PARASITIC WATER MITE. Laura Coquereau, Afhandl., ser. After a two-week pelagic (open water) larval phase the juvenile scallops, commonly called spat, settle out of the water and attach to hard surfaces, usually older calico scallop shells. A number of dinoflagellate species, including those of the genus Alexandrium, produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, which can be an important source of marine toxins accumulated by bivalves. Pecten maximus is largely an Atlantic species whilst Pecten jacobaeus is almost completely confined to. The AM89BM strain of Alexandrium minutum Halim (1960) isolated in 1989 in the Morlaix Bay in Brittany, France, and HT99PZ strain of Heterocapsa triquetra Ehrenberg (1840) (isolated in 1999 in the Penze estuary in Brittany, France, were used in these experiments. Several areas in Brittany, France, are subjected to yearly intense blooms of A. minutum. 5 of, Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural History Expedition to western Mexico: Am. These data were also compared with visual observations or images taken by cameras, which were recorded simultaneously. Nat. Pecten is related to other scallops. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. what are the total times for these periods, only do total time not all Time Span Scale Total Time Hadean Eon (Precambrian Time) 4.6 bya - 3.8 bya 460 cm - 380 cm . Feature Flags: { Board Div. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 16. vii + 277. The Evolution of the Argopecten Gibbus Stock (Mollusca: Bivalvia), with Emphasis on the Tertiary and Quaternary Species of Eastern North America Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 December 2017 Thomas R. Waller Article Metrics Save PDF Share Cite Rights & Permissions Abstract HTML view is not available for this content. Three treatment groups, each with nine individuals, were fed different concentrations of algae cells: 5 000 cells L-1, corresponding to a relatively low concentration of A. minutum bloom, which can be regularly observed in the Bay of Brest; 10 000 cells L-1, corresponding to the sanitary alert threshold of A. minutum concentration defined by the French monitoring network REPHY in France; and 500 000 cells L-1, corresponding to the high concentration of A. minutum observed regularly in several areas of the Bay of Brest since 2012.