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The Spanish Civil War was triggered by a complex range of events that were highly significant not only for the future of Spain, but also for the development of European politics in 20 th century. From 1936 to 1939, civil war raged in Spain, on the periphery of continental politics. Among the most notable artistic responses to the war were the novels Mans Hope (1938) by Andr Malraux, Adventures of a Young Man (1939) by John Dos Passos, and For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940) by Ernest Hemingway; George Orwells memoir Homage to Catalonia (1938); Pablo Picassos painting Guernica (1937); and Robert Capas photograph Death of a Loyalist Soldier, Spain (1936). Much of the early research was done in New York City by refugee physicists in the United States. One of the most striking images of 20th-century art, Guernica is a nightmare vision of violence, pain, and chaos. creating and saving your own notes as you read. | After the 1936 elections produced a Popular Front government supported mainly by left-wing parties, a military uprising began in garrison towns throughout Spain, led by the rebel Nationalists and supported by conservative elements in the clergy, military, and landowners as well as the fascist Falange. 100 Years' War Four causes are a dynastic dispute, Duchy of Aquitaine (England claim as ancient inheritance, Edward III claim Aquitaine and FR throne as edest heir of Philip the Frair), civil war in FR made war longer, economic factors (Flanders wool important to ENG). He, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. Many people who believed in Pan-Slavism wanted Russia to extend its borders into the Balkans. seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the World War I Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war territorial settlement, in return normalizing relations with defeated Germany (which was, by this time, the Weimar Republic). Arguably one of the most important battles of WWII. an alliance of left-wing movements, including the French Communist Party (PCF), the Socialist SFIO and the Radical and Socialist Party, during the interwar period. Republican government in Madrid under Largo Cabellero was divided within itself, By March 28 all of the Republican armies had begun to disband and surrender, and Nationalist forces entered Madrid on that day. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). a 20th century garde art movement that revolutionized European painting and sculpture, and inspired related movements in music and literature. Hitler commissioned the film and served as an unofficial executive producer, an fascist political organization founded by Jos Antonio Primo de Rivera in 1933 in opposition to the Second Spanish Republic. Britain, The Spanish Republicans turned to the Soviet Union for support. German word meaning "cleansed of Jews". While Picasso expressed anger and condemnation of Franco and the Fascists through his art he did not take up arms against them. AP European History Terms: World War II: Ms., Eric Hinderaker, James A. Henretta, Rebecca Edwards, Robert O. Self, John Lund, Paul S. Vickery, P. Scott Corbett, Todd Pfannestiel, Volker Janssen, Milady - Chapter 11 - Disorders and Diseases, USCG Rules Lights & Shapes (Rules 23 & 24), Letter to the author/ editor - useful phrases. (one code per order). (p. 793), Crucial naval battle which stopped the Japanese march across the Pacific, first time all fighting was done by carrier based aircraft. 800 British ships, ranging from warships to fishing boats, crossed the channel from England to rescue over 300,000 British and French troops. This region had coal mines and was the center of steel production for the Germans. Spanish Civil War, (193639) Military revolt against the government of Spain. Review the vocabulary word listed below. Moltke, however, gave too-vague orders to the troops on the French front, resulting in a retreat. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. Nationalist, fascist leadership proved more effective at carrying Seeking allies against the threat of Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union had embraced a Popular Front strategy, and, as a result, the Comintern directed Spanish communists to support the Republicans. Correct the punctuation in the following sentences by placing semicolons and colons where they are needed. It was attended by nine nations having interests in the Pacific Ocean and East Asia. The following list of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War is an alphabetical list of the large number of journalists and photographers who were in Spain at some stage of the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939). The Germans handed the Austrians a "blank check" in how to deal with Serbia after Franz Ferdinand's assassination. a conflict in which the Francoists or Nationalists, led by General Francisco Franco, defeated the Republicans or Loyalists of the Second Spanish Republic. Also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, it was a non-aggression treaty between the German Third Reich and the Soviet Union. an aerial battle fought in World War II in 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain, and the British Royal Air Force, which offered successful resistance. Her most famous works are documentary propaganda films for the German Nazi Party. For the next 7 days, you'll have access to awesome PLUS stuff like AP English test prep, No Fear Shakespeare translations and audio, a note-taking tool, personalized dashboard, & much more! Co-owner of one of the Irish Press Newspapers, he served in public office from 1917 to 1973, holding the various Irish prime ministerial and presidential offices. He was also a pastor and one of the leading thinkers in the neo-orthodox movement. tanks, superior to the German Mark IIs, arrived in October, along with advanced Austria did not want the Serbs to gain access to the sea, so they too wanted Albania for themselves. Please wait while we process your payment. In the elections of February 1936 the left won a clear majority. Because the Russians held the line, the Germans were pushed back, and never recovered. The plan's strategy was to first defeat France in the West while Russia was hopefully very slowly mobilizing its army in the East, then using Germany's good railroads, cross over to the East and defeat Russia. The Young Turks in the Ottoman Empire began the Turkish Revolution of 1908-09. Despite its short life, the Popular Front government passed much important legislation, including the 40-hour week, paid holidays for the workers, collective bargaining on wage claims and the nationalisation of the arms industry. His most prominent work, it is popularly known for its extended length and the notion of involuntary memory, the most famous example being the "episode of the madeleine". You may cancel your subscription on your Subscription and Billing page or contact Customer Support at custserv@bn.com. Then, use the word and definition to create a matching quiz. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. adjective. They wanted the sultan to restore a liberal parliamentary constitution in the Ottoman Empire and threatened that the empire would fall if the constitution was not brought back. Five; lovely; great-aunts. For Britain and France, the conflict represented a new threat to the international equilibrium that they were struggling to preserve, which in 1939 collapsed into World War II. In March 1939 the remaining Republican forces surrendered, and Madrid, beset by civil strife between communists and anticommunists, fell to the Nationalists on March 28. However, this This war was begun when Italy declared war on Turkey and conquered Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. About 500,000 people died in the war, and all Spaniards were deeply scarred by the trauma. The other great thing about teaching the Spanish Civil War in a European history class is its incredible wealth of documents. The Spanish-American War lasted only six weeks and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States. The coup evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he led the right-wing Nationalists against the Republicans. Government of the unoccupied part of France after the countries defeat by Germany, French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970). Dont have an account? leader of the American forces in Europe during WWII leader of troops in Africa and commander in D Day invasion, Italian fascist who rules after Mussolini and with whom the US negotiates a surrender (so much for unconditional surrender--Stalin embittered). Its earliest use was to describe individual political radicals unconnected with any party. stirred by the Nationalists were easily defeated in many cities where the loyal The dictatorships, however, intervened vigorously. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. The Entente Cordiale was an agreement between Britain and France to support each other against protests by a third nation and in which they cleared up conflicts about over-seas possessions (such as British occupation of Egypt and French penetration of Morocco). (p. 797). A union of Britain and its many current and former colonies. Spanish popular front By February 1939, 250,000 Republican soldiers, together with an equal number of civilians, had fled across the border into France. It won the May 1936 legislative elections, leading to the formation of a government first headed by SFIO leader Lon Blum and exclusively composed of Radical-Socialist and SFIO ministers. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression when he formed a "National Government" in which a majority of MPs were from the Conservatives, and as a result he was expelled from the Labour Party. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. Code name for the U.S. effort during World War II to produce the atomic bomb. By November 1936 the Nationalists had advanced to the outskirts of Madrid. Renaissance & Exploration 1450-1648 . He was the commander of the Deutsches Afrika Korps and also became known by the nickname "The Desert Fox" for the skillful military campaigns he waged on behalf of the German Army in North Africa. A bit of a rabid dog. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. Lesson 5 - The Spanish Civil War & the Influence of Foreign Powers: . Ap Euro Dbq. He is particularly remembered for advocating interventionist government policy, by which the government would use fiscal and monetary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms. General Francisco Franco a failed coup d'tat that occurred between the evening of Thursday, November 8 and the early afternoon of Friday, November 9, 1923, when the Nazi party's Fhrer Adolf Hitler, the popular World War I General Erich Ludendorff, and other leaders of the Kampfbund, unsuccessfully tried to gain power in Munich, Bavaria, and Germany. France signed treaties with each of the countries. The protagonist of Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell More recent estimates have been closer to 500,000 or less. More AP Euro Chapter Outlines. It was a breeding ground for mass atrocities. While ground combat was somewhat reminiscent of World War Itanks had a comparatively limited role, and lines remained fixed for months at a timeHermann Grings Luftwaffe offered a glimpse of the role that air power would play in the German blitzkrieg. War almost entirely in France. In December 1938 they moved upon Catalonia in the northeast, forcing the Republican armies there northward toward France. Serbia occupied part of Albania (and was supported by Russia), the Greeks claimed a part, and parts had been promised to Italy. (2002) Compare and contrast the religious policies of TWO of the following: Elizabeth I of England Catherine de Medicis of France Isabella I of Spain The English Civil War . Falange in the Pre-Civil-War Years, 1933-1936 Early Fascist Movements Corrections? disagreed with the leftist efforts at army reform, and viewed with distaste the When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Civil War took place because the rising was successful only in Old Castile, in Navarra, where Carlist support was decisive, and, of the larger towns, in Zaragoza, Sevilla, Crdoba, Valladolid, and Cdiz. He gained notoriety chiefly for being one of the SS physicians who supervised the selection of arriving transports of prisoners, determining who was to be killed and who was to become a forced labourer, and for performing human experiments of dubious scientific value on camp inmates, amongst whom Mengele was known as the Angel of Death. Seeking aid from abroad, the Nationalists received troops, tanks, and planes from Nazi Germany and Italy, which used Spain as a testing ground for new methods of tank and air warfare. It was basically a sense of nationalism amongst the Slavic people, especially Russians, who believed that their country was destined to become a great empire. June 6, 1944 the day on which the Battle of Normandy began commencing the Western Allied effort to liberate mainland Europe from Nazi occupation during World War II. 20% He led a failed military coup against the democratically elected republican government. The two sides fought fierce and bloody skirmishes in a war of attrition. However, in cities unprotected by the Civil Guard, the aircraft and Soviet military advisors. Ferried back to Spain in Italian ships, under the leadership of the general Francisco Franco, the Nationalists, as they were called, took control of the Spanish central region, which supported the rising. Nationalists, and civilians were gunned down as they fled the scene. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre. A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. You have these wonderful images, for instance. to lead the African installment of the Spanish army against the republic. It called for the elimination of primarily Jews, but also non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. A dreadnought is a battleship designed but the British at first to maintain their powerful navy over the rest of Europe. EXAMPLE:The girl with the brown hair is a new student. On July 17, 1936, army officers in Spanish Morocco, North Africa, launched a revolt against the government. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. The Nationalists were supported by Mussolinis Italy and Nazi Germany. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1945 to 1951; the first Labour Prime Minister to serve a full Parliamentary term and the first to have a majority in Parliament. artillery. Following the end of the Spanish civil war in 1939, the bodies of 1,700 Republicans -soldiers, civilians, people caught in the wrong place at the wrong time - were carted through the centre. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. The Paris Fair would give him an opportunity to bring the atrocities visited on the defenseless people of Guernica to the attention of the world, and so he set to work. Thanks for creating a SparkNotes account! The Central Powers consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria. of the army was the most successful of the nationalist forces, and he was a It was a turning point for World War II. Causes of WWI Palmer Notes - AP Euro. Franz Ferdinand was emperor of Austria from 1896 until his death. AP European History: Post-War Europe {{cp.topicAssetIdToProgress[11397].percentComplete}}% complete divided between the socialists of the extreme left and the monarchists of the How was the Spanish Civil War a preview for World War II? Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. After the war, he was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery. An elected center-left government faced a military revolt that eventually resulted in the creation of an authoritarian regime. The number of persons killed in the Spanish Civil War can be only roughly estimated. He ruled a military dictatorship until his death in 1975. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer, One of a group of intellectual philosophers of the 1920's in Vienna who believed in logical positivism. In response, France, under Poincar, occupied the Ruhr Area. Omissions? Spanish Civil War. a British economist whose ideas, called Keynesian economics, had a major impact on modern economic and political theory as well as on many governments' fiscal policies. The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia to defend itself against Hungary and the rise of the Habsburgs. This does not include all those who died from malnutrition, starvation, and war-engendered disease. The matter of how many were killed remains highly contentious; however, it is generally believed that the toll of Nationalist violence was higher. The Soviet Union contributed equipment and supplies to the Republicans, who also received help from the Mexican government. Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. While the European democracies stayed aloof, totalitarian powers both communist and fascist sent soldiers and supplies. SparkNotes PLUS It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II; Renunciation of territorial aggression, No territorial changes without the consent of the peoples concerned, Restoration of sovereign rights and self-government, Access to raw material for all nations, World economic cooperation, Freedom from fear and want, Freedom of the seas, Disarmament of aggressors. . They decided to The Triple Alliance was begun in 1879 by Bismarck, who wanted to keep France at a distance. For each of the following sentences, tell whether the italicized word or word group functions as an adjective or an adverb. The English Civil War began a historical precedent in the way the monarchs are seen in Western Europe. It was Hitler's ultimate goal behind the Holocaust. While advocating Irish national self-reliance, its precise political meaning was undefined whether it meant republicanism or Arthur Griffith-style dual monarchism. It was the first disarmament conference in history, and is studied by political scientists as a model for a successful disarmament movement. violence and anarchy which reigned in the streets of Spain. By the end of 1938, Francos forces seized Catalonia; by spring 1939, Valencia and the capital of Madrid. A significant leader of Ireland's struggle for independence from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in the early 20th century, and the Republican anti-Treaty opposition in the ensuing Irish Civil War, de Valera was the author of Ireland's constitution, Bunreacht na hireann. These treaties preserved peace during the 1920s but are also credited with enabling the rise of the Japanese Empire as a naval power leading up to World War II. One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism. Free trial is available to new customers only. He had no real desire to be Tsar of Russia, and was blamed for the unpopular Russo-Japanese War. Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. Mussolini's Italy sent guns, tanks, Planes, and men. The Republicans, aided by the Soviet Union, the corps-level headquarters controlling the German Panzer divisions in Libya and Egypt during the North African Campaign of World War II; the term is commonly used to refer to the headquarters plus its attached combat units.