Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. Powered by WordPress. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. The human and financial cost of these extended conflicts was large. Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. Translated from Russian. In its final issue for 1899a time when the U.S. suppression of Filipino resistance was at its peakPuck turned to a feel-good holiday graphic to reaffirm this theme of the bounty promised to newly invaded countries and peoples. Rus. Brewer, Susan. We may have burnt certain villages, destroyed considerable property and incidentally slaughtered a few thousand of their sons and brothers, husbands and fathers, etc., but what did they expect? , 1902. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. in: Puck, v . From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. 14 books12 followers. | The North American Review. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." Asking only the open door for ourselves, we are ready to accord the open door to others. Seated around them (left to right) are a feminized Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. - in: Puck, v. 52, no. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. Given the rhetoric of civilizing uplift used to justify expansion, training was expected as part of the incorporation of new territories into the U.S. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. Location: Innovation Hall, 330 and online (see info below). ***, Topic: History 125 Virtual Edition Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. Kepplers cartoon reinforces what we have observed in Sam Keens commentary from Faces of the Enemy, that the theme of civilization versus barbarism is a recurring negative stereotype deployed in the dehumanization of a perceived hostile Other. Missionary zeal extends to a threat unfurled in a banner carried by the choir of women, Come and be saved; if you dont , The Advance Agent of Modern Civilization. Udo Keppler,Puck, January 12, 1898. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Expansionism promulgated under the banner of civilization could not escape being carried out in global military campaigns, referred to as the savage wars of peace in the third stanza: Such avowed paternalism towards other cultures recast the invasion of their lands as altruistic service to humankind. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. Illus. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. Under the American flag, patriotic words end with a question mark: Tis the Star-Spangled Banner, Oh! Death to all Schools but Ours. The last marcher holds up Drummers Samples, referring to the traveling salesmen of business and commerce. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. He has been a contributing editor to Wired, Discover . Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. In some cases, a surrogate (substitute image) is Tributes have poured in for a Cape Town vet who was killed by . The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). in: Puck, v. 52, no. "Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains." 11, Issue 40, No. United We Stand for Civilization and Peace: the Anglo-Saxon Globe. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. What were the effects on China, as portrayed in the cartoon? In the civilization narrative, barbarians were commonly identified as the non-Western, non-white, non-Christian natives of the less-developed nations of the world. The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. Hurst and Blackett. What imperialist practices are you rallying against (taking of raw materials, manipulation of trade, colonialism, violence, etc.)? | Illustration shows Britannia standing with an injured landowner and an African man, showing them a view of the future when "Enlightened Government" comes to South Africa after 1 print : chromolithograph. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. The caption, titled The First Duty, carries this subtitle: Civilization (to China)That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. [Read Online]. Daggett, Aaron Simon. This special issue of LAssiette au Beurre drew particular attention to the brutal tactics adopted by the British in the Boer War, including herding the families of the Boer opponent into concentration camps. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. continuous line of British territories from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. (ISSN 1961-9898). Britain, the more powerful military partner, shows celebrated victories over the Spanish Armada in 1588 and over the French and Spanish navies at Trafalgar in 1805. There should be no problem designing a flag for the conquered Philippines, he opined in drawing his biting essay to a close: we can have just our usual flag, with the white stripes painted black and the stars replaced by the skull and cross-bones.. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. [MORE], The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Title from item. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). Source:Library of Congress. What are the motivations/justifications for this anti-imperialism? Coinciding with the British reconquest of the Sudan was this cartoon drawn by Joseph Keppler, a frequent contributor to the American political satire and humor magazine, Puck. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. Although the completion of a railroad spanning the length of Africa was looking less likely, segments of the Cape-to-Cairo Railroad were becoming increasingly important to Rhodesia's economic development. The wars undertaken in the name of Civilization and Progress were more savage, tortuous, and contradictory than is often recognized. Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. (doi:10.1080/14650040802275644). 6 reviews. Bello, Walden. 301-314 (2010). But the urge to span the continent from bottom to top did not die with Rhodes's dream . Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - Published in Punch Magazine 28, November 1906. Duplication Services Web site. Page updated: In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. hier encore nous avons pris un important commando. Illus. Terms of Use Beyond flat-out aggression and repression, the common thread that linked the imperialist powers, in Twains critique, was the hypocrisy of expansionist rhetoric about Civilization and Progress. (He itemized the virtues that supposedly animated this white mans burden as Love, Justice, Gentleness, Christianity, Protection of the Weak, Temperance, Law and Order, Liberty, Equality, Honorable Dealing, Mercy, and Education.) The February 1901 essay opens with the satirical observation that: Extending the Blessings of Civilization to our Brother who Sits in Darkness has been a good trade and has paid well, on the whole; and there is money in it yet, if carefully workedbut not enough, in my judgement, to make any considerable risk advisable. Source:The Weimar Classics Foundation. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Date 1902 December 10. Cape to Cairo: the Rhodes Colossus Author: Sambourne, Edward Linley Description: The idea of a connection between the southernmost and northernmost seabords of Africa was held for several decades as the Cape-to-Cairo fantasy, notably by Cecil Rhodes. Yet, the protagonists exchange encouraging looks, revealing the covert support behind their positions of benevolent neutrality., The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. The French leftwing magazine LAssiette au Beurre (The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. Civilization (to China). The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Reference staff can Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). As Britain stepped up financial industries, shipping, and insurance to make up the deficit, global sea power took on additional significance. Confucius, Missionary banner (Allied forces flags): Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you do ye even so to them. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. Our Civilized Heathen. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that, in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, January 25, 1899. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. Estimates of civilian fatalities, on the other hand, range from 200,000 to possibly well over a million. On May 1a month before the celebratory second magazine cover reproduced here was publishedCommodore George Dewey destroyed a Spanish fleet in Manila Bay in the Philippines. Britain is digesting China, Egypt, Australia, Africa, Canada, and India. In 1927, Mashonaland Railways was renamed Rhodesia Railways as efforts were underway to expand the country's rail system. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. 799820 (June 2000). Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. On May 1, the U.S. Navy scored its first major victory in foreign watersfar from assured given the weakness of the American fleet at the timeby defeating Spanish warships defending their longtime Pacific colony in the Battle of Manila Bay. The president of the First Philippine Republic, Emilio Aguinaldo, is portrayed as a barefoot savage, wild hair escaping from a dunce cap. XII, No. Name: Grady Lentz Rhodes cartoon analysis Figure 1.4: Imperialist, explorer and businessman Rhodes as a. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Declaration of Independence:Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.. "Major Grogan's Financial Analysis," EAS (6 August 1926), 1, 5, 7-8. Vultures hover above the procession, and the artifacts of past civilization are trampled underfoot at the rear. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. Beyond commercial and military prowess, the two nations formed a natural brotherhood within attitudes later labeled as social Darwinism. Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). Prints and Photographs division. Shortly after Kiplings poem appeared, the consistently anti-imperialist Life fired back with a decidedly different view of the white mans burden on its March 16, 1899 cover: a cartoon that showed the foreign powers riding on the backs of their colonial subjects. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Pucks caricature of Germanys Bible-quoting Kaiser Wilhelm II ready to machine gun foreign non-believers captures the role of Christianity in turn-of-the-century Western imperialism. Feng, Yongping, The Peaceful Transition of Power from the UK to the US.ChineseJournal of International Politics1 (1) pp. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our The feminine representations of imperial nations pictured here include Russia, Turkey, Italy, Austria, Spain, and France. Foreign buildings and churches were torched and the Beijing-Tianjin railway and telegraph lines were dismantled, cutting communication with the capital. No quarter will be given! As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. In a run of 13 lithographs published in the July 4, 1900 issue of the French periodical LAssiette au Beurre, the cartoonist Ren Georges Hermann-Paul was especially incisive in calling attention to this grim reality. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Translated from Russian. It was the anti-imperialist cartoonists, however, who most starkly posed the question: who is the real barbarian? John Bull and Uncle Sam lift the globe, turned toward Asia and the Pacific, to the heavens. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . Imperialism--British--1900-1910, - Transatlantic dimensions of the American Anti-Imperialist Movement, 1899-1909.Journal of Transatlantic Studies. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled Civilization with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled Barbarism. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. On Chinas side, the Boxers were absorbed into the Qing government forces to fight the invaders. Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. The divine right of kingshere, Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany as a pompous war lord mounted on a colossal cannonis intermingled with the divine mission of clergy, often the first Westerners allowed into foreign lands. [1] [2] The project was never completed. A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. Though carving the Chinese melon was a popular metaphor, none of the invaders seriously considered partitioning the large country under foreign rule. He is Chief Correspondent of public radio's Biotech Nation, a commentator on NPR's Morning Edition, and a contributing editor and a columnist for Conde Nast Portfolio. wotever 'll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. 1 print : chromolithograph. A poster headlined A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for all Time, probably also dating from 1898, celebrated the rapprochement between the United States and Great Britain with particularly dense detail.
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