The participation of all forensic investigators in all procedures could strengthen the trace recovery rates thus avoiding mistaken opinions.13,17,20, It is not a minor problem to discriminate bite marks from other traumas.19 Souviron1 refers to an interesting case in which the wounds of a 7-year-old girl who was found dead and mutilated were misdiagnosed as stab wounds created by knives and/or scissors. Common items that cause puncture wounds are nails, knives, bones and wood. 2013;58(1):224227. The alarming statistics reported around the world2,3 have shown that dog attacks today represent a health hazard where prevention strategies have not always been successful. First, apply pressure directly to the wound. Metric records of all canine jaws and descriptions of dental patterns were recorded and compared with the wound samples; seven dogs were convincingly suspected to be responsible for the mauling. Immediately upon excavation, Tzaferis noticed a 19cm nail that had penetrated the body of the right heel bonebefore being driven into olive wood so hard that it bent. Darren O'Hare. The samples were fixed and stored. Why was the irregular shape to the sternum of the two victims significant in the case? Thus, when a hyoid bone breaks, it's often a result of strangulation, either from an accident, homicide, or suicide. Royal Decree 287/2002, of 22 March, by which develops the Law 50/1999, of December 23, on the legal regime of possession of potentially dangerous wild animals. Bernstein ML. The upper teeth distal to the lower teeth allow the so-called scissor bite with which the animal can lock onto its prey. It can be superficial, affecting only the surface of your skin or deep enough to involve tendons, muscles, ligaments, and bone. Most often, a ruptured spleen is caused by blunt force trauma. [Hunting Law of feral dogs: ecological problem or unjustified killing?] . Booth and Brennan are in the office of their new therapist, Dr. Lance Sweets, age 22. Injury. Difficulties consisted in determining whether the injuries occurred before or after death; even though self-defense injuries were not present, the histological analyses revealed hemorrhagic reactions in the cutaneous, subcutaneous, and muscle tissue confirming the vitality of the lesions. Severe damage caused by gnawing of the softer bony parts (proximal epiphyses) is frequently detected. Specific patterns of canine scavenging in indoor settings. Brauner P, Reshef A, Gorski A. DNA profiling of trace evidence mitigating evidence in a dog biting case. Puncture wounds require different treatment from cuts because these small holes in the skin can disguise serious injury. It was performed through a midline puncture below the occipital bone. To help preserve the use of your finger after an injury, its crucial to clean the wound and, For certain types of cuts, super glue is a great resource for closing and protecting the wound. Examination of a Punctured wound from a Medicolegal standpoint 3. Various treatments are available . Skeletal bones store lipids as energy reserves in areas of Loosen the Victim's clothing and, if necessary, move them in to the shade. Thus, hanging was found out to be second most . Professor Henrik Druid, Gabriel M Fonseca,1 Esther Mora,2 Joaquin Lucena,3 Mario Cantin,4 1Faculty of Dentistry, Laboratory of Forensic Dentistry, University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile; 2Dental Sinai Hospital & Research Center, 3Forensic Pathology Service, Institute of Legal Medicine, Seville, Spain; 4Faculty of Dentistry, Doctoral Program in Morphological Science, Universidad La Frontera, Temuco, Chile Abstract: The interaction between domestic animals and humans has not been free of conflicts, and dog attacks represent a real problem, not only for the health consequences, but also for the possible criminal, and can affect the legal or financial outcomes. Hydrocolloid bandages are used to treat open, superficial wounds and open pimples. a. Next, clean the area thoroughly using a small alcohol wipe. A puncture wound is usually narrower and deeper than a cut or scrape. The investigator must be aware of all pertinent legal terms about the examination of the scene, the victim, and the dog. B. A doctor should always examine a deep puncture wound. 7. Salem NH, Belhadj M, Aissaoui A, Mesrati MA, Chadly A. Multidisciplinary approach to fatal dog attacks: a forensic case study. He also saw fractures to the legs made around the time of death that he interpreted as evidence ofcrurifragium as well as a small scratch near the wrist that was suggestive of a nail being driven through the hand. Victims of crucifixion were usually criminals and therefore not formally buried, just exposed or thrown into a river or trash heap. . Definition / general. Complications of cuts and puncture wounds, familydoctor.org/familydoctor/en/prevention-wellness/staying-healthy/first-aid/first-aid-cuts-scrapes-and-stitches.html, mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-cuts/FA00042, mayoclinic.com/health/first-aid-puncture-wounds/FA00014, Treating a Cut Finger Injury, and When to See a Doctor, Achilles Tendon Rupture: Symptoms to Look For, Debra Sullivan, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., CNE, COI, Ruptured Spleen: Symptoms and Treatment in Adults and Children, stepping on a sharp object, such as a nail, drainage, such as pus, from the wound site, warmth or swelling in the surrounding area, the bleeding is heavy, spurting, or doesnt stop after 10 minutes of applying pressure, feeling and function are impaired in the area of the cut or wound, you havent had a tetanus shot in 10 years, the cut or wound occurred due to a fish hook, the cut or wound shows the symptoms of infection, such as swelling around the site, throbbing pain, or fluid leaking from the cut or wound, a loss of function in the area of the wound. Even though family members claimed that an alligator attacked the child, the forensic odontologist confirmed the primary diagnosis: the three family pit bulls mauled and killed her.1 Even though most fatal animal attacks are caused by large animals where the size and power of that animal simply overpower the individual,20 an exhaustive analysis of the scene, feces, hair, footprints, and claw marks is always recommended; the collection of biological samples from the wound margins can allow the confirmation of the species involved through species diagnostic markers.10,17,2123 The location of the damage along the body and the familiarity of the pathologist with different patterns of animal behavior can be of paramount importance in the correct assessment of the offending animal.19,24 At this point, outdoor and indoor interferences have specific considerations of which to be aware.12, If animal predation happens outdoors, the environmental status, meteorological conditions, local fauna, seasonal and diurnal variations, and an animals feeding and behavior patterns are important issues to be explored.19 In a case of a 65-year-old man found dead with severe and unusual injuries, Kiuchi et al identified six different species as the offending animals.22 Even though dogs are the primary scavengers in certain outdoors contexts,21 they were excluded because of the absence of specific patterns of damage.22 Studies of dog behavior suggest they scavenge remains when they are nearly fresh and soft tissue reduction can be quick (Figure 1). Selective tissue impression, excision, and preservation and direct tissue comparison are also recommended under certain circumstances.1, Bernitz et al8 defined the pattern association of dog bite marks/tooth marks as the three-dimensional analysis and the comparison of the dental arch forms, arch relationships, and individual tooth features within the described canine dental arches.8 The bite mark is compared with dog maxillary and mandibular arch in shape, teeth position, and/or individual dental features. The bioarchaeology of crucifixion is therefore a bit of a conundrum: it makes sense that finding evidence may be difficult because of the ravages of time on bones and wooden crosses, but the sheer volume of people killed in this way over centuries should have given us more direct evidence of the practice. We offer real benefits to our authors, including fast-track processing of papers. In the first case, nails would have been driven through the heel bones, and in the second case, one nail would have been hammered through the metatarsals in the middle of the foot. All the evidence must be stored, and all actions must be documented. Both experts clarified that although the evidence in this particular case was sufficiently categorical to establish the animal species that produced the fatal attack, the poorly processed scene and the lack of complete information of the autopsy were completely irregular and could lead to wrong conclusions (the preliminary hypothesis considered that the attack was produced by a cougar or a big dog).17. This may seem to cause immediate death, as it will leave the person completely incapacitated. The presence of blood at the scene and traces of subcutaneous bleeding suggested that the victim was alive when he was mauled to death. One of the most common causes of death and injury. Fiscala investiga muerte de hombre tras ataque de perro pitbull en Pitrufqun [The prosecution investigating death of man after attack of a pit bull dog in Pitrufquen]. In contrast, a cut is an open wound that produces a long tear in the skin. A healthcare professional has 100 cc of a 2% solution. A significant cut can cause profuse bleeding if it isnt treated promptly and properly. Most of the dogs involved in these events are known to the victim or belong to him.28 A bite mark is defined as a physical alteration in a medium caused by the contact of teeth.9 When a bite mark is caused by an animal, the following three patterns can be observed: nonfatal bite wounds, fatal bite wounds, and postmortem lacerations of the victims body.2 This poses the major points and challenges of forensic interest; the nature and location of injuries and the final cause of death are not the only topics of attention.2,6,9 A careful assessment of wounds can reveal characteristic features of animal activity with typical patterns that may enable identification of the particular species of animal involved.10 Since dog attacks on humans represent a real health problem with obvious challenges for forensic investigation, a review focused on bite mark analysis from a multidisciplinary point of view is presented, and the current strategies for prevention and mitigation are discussed. Puncture wounds: First aid. They were captured, anesthetized, and photographed, and then dental impressions of each dog were taken. The floors were covered with dog feces, and there was no available dog food. Prevention strategies should be addressed to both dog owners and people who do not own a dog by educating about how to deal with dogs, dog behavior, and dog language. False. Accessed July 7, 2015. this site will not function whilst javascript is disabled. 2nd ed. hospital where it was found by the police? The claw marks on the skin of the victim will be reflection both length and sharpness of the dog claws, and they will be affected by the surfaces walked by the dog, its size, and its breed.8. Sometimes in the hand, sometimes in the nose cavity, or the foot, these minute metallic objects are of unknown substance and would appear to be some kind of tracking device. Bernitz H, Bernitz Z, Steenkamp G, Blumenthal R, Stols G. The individualisation of a dog bite mark: a case study highlighting the bite mark analysis, with emphasis on differences between dog and human bite marks. Maybe try one of the links below or a search? The injuries were photographed, and the distances between pairs of punctures were measured. A pack of five dogs (four of them mixed breeds of German Shepherd and a Labrador mix) was known to demonstrate aggressive behavior and to have lived in the neighborhood. Forensic Sci Int. Borchelt et al examined most of the animals that participated in two fatal attacks and observed them under conditions simulating those that may have elicited or contributed to the maulings.5 Among the different roles analyzed by the authors, the following are remarkable: 1) the role of hunger cannot explain all patterns of dog pack attacks; 2) once the attack has been initiated, previous histories of social facilitation of feeding could have facilitated predatory behavior by the entire pack; 3) invasion of territory can lead wild and domestic canids to attack; 4) even though the majority of dogs were extremely variable in their behavior toward strangers, all the animals had unsupervised activity and aggressive social interactions with people; 5) the presence of an estrus female can lead to aggressive competition among male dogs; and 6) the visual stimulus of moving prey seems to be one of the main triggers of attack behavior. Scratches and scrapes are the most common injury suffered by poultry keepers. Register your specific details and specific drugs of interest and we will match the information you provide to articles from our extensive database and email PDF copies to you promptly. Some thyroid hormones are actually produced in the pituitary gland. e.g. Wounds caused by a dog bite might be either minor or severe. Some spiders bites can cause you to feel or be sick, sweating and dizziness. Severe dog-bite injuries, introducing the concept of pack attack: a literature review and seven case reports. It is these wounds that carry a high risk of infection, and joint involvement, and must be thoroughly examined and irrigated prior to any definitive treatment. Pits are indentations that are inflicted by any of the teeth when grasping onto bone, whereas score marks result when the teeth are dragged along the surface of the bone. Accessed July 7, 2015. The opening on the skin is small, and the puncture wound may not bleed much. Treatment: Clean the wound with mild soap and water. Punctures often happen as a result of falling onto a sharp object, though . Put on a dry, sterile bandage. b) Such wounds may also be caused by running over a knife, or falling upon sharp pointed objects such as broken pieces of glass. Cuts and puncture wounds that cause excessive blood loss or those that damage the organs can be fatal. 2011;7(4):309310. As a result, the dogs incisors can be matched to the indentations on the plaster cast, representing a dynamic pattern of biting.8, Santoro et al16 reported a case of a 45-year-old man found dead on the ground of an abandoned military base with signs that he had been dragged. Rabinovich R, Kahana T. Animal attacks and injuries: predation. Most puncture wounds are minor, and home treatment is . In order to provide our website visitors and registered users with a service tailored to their individual preferences we use cookies to analyse visitor traffic and personalise content. But these wounds are often deep and can be dangerous because of the risk of infection. Punctures can vary from small, requiring a bandage, to large punctures that may damage internal organs. Dog bite mark analysis should be consistent with a multidisciplinary plan of action involving different forensic experts as pathologists, odontologists, veterinarians, biologists, crime investigators, and others. Borchelt PL, Lockwood R, Beck AM, Voith VL. Med Sci. small puncture in the victim's cartilage. Pelvic fractures are typically the result of high impact injuries. The academics also emphasize that because of their status as feral, it is very unlikely that adoption campaigns allow the effective integration of these animals to the homes, and they adhered to the rule. crescent-shaped indentations on the victim's face. Cranium fragmentation may be found but decapitation is highly unusual. An appropriate forensic approach must include detailed assessment of the scene, the victim, and the animals involved. 7. Finally, the trunk is disarticulated and consumed.19,21 Coyotes, wolves, and domestic dogs are known to disarticulate body parts and scatter them over a wide area.21,25. Figure 5 Fatal attack on a mentally disabled 43-year-old man.Notes: A forensic odontologist and a carnivore biologist established categorically the diagnosis of a dog pack attack when the initial hypothesis of predation either by a very large dog or a cougar was made by the local authorities. Approved amendment for the regulation of the Hunting Law, adopted by Rule No 5, 1998. Why did the murderer move the body to the V.A. (2015, February 4). Dove Medical Press is part of Taylor & Francis Group, the Academic Publishing Division of Informa PLC This work is licensed under aCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Forensic Sci Int. One of the most bizarre, and indeed disturbing aspects of the UFO and alien phenomena is the discovery in many victims of alleged alien abduction of small implants in their bodies. Murmann et al underlined that animal bites, especially that of dogs and carnivorous wildlife, can produce multiple deep, streaked lacerations requiring a considerable force, and resulting in the loss of tissue or avulsions.32 Conventional techniques to analyze and/or match these patterns (acetate sheeting for example) can be used but the resulting visual model will not represent the real dynamic of the bite mark.8 It has been emphasized that quality and quantity of the material must be sufficient and convincing to defend a positive match. For example, if a soldier frequently marches with a heavy pack on their back, the repeated force on their leg could . ), Drawing of the calcaneus of Yehohanon along with a, reconstruction of the fleshed and defleshed foot skeleton. Beck J, Ostericher I, Sollish G, De Leon J. (Public domain image by S. Rubn Betanzo via wikimedia commons. Fighting dogs are trained to attack other dogs and not people, unlike police dogs.44 Similarities between banned types and other dog breeds such as the Pit Bull and the Staffordshire Bull Terriers are apparent, and experts are needed for correct identification. The authors had ethical permission to use all photographs included in this paper. 1. In: Payne-James J, Byard R, Corey T, Henderson C, editors. A reanalysis of the skeleton, though, by researchers Joe Zias and Eliezer Sekelesin the 1980s took issue with this interpretation. How did the scientists determine that there was a second victim? Figure 1 Outdoors scavenging by dogs of a dead-by-hanging male suicide.Notes: The age of the unidentified victim was estimated to be in the 5565-year range. Open access peer-reviewed scientific and medical journals. Of course, the most interesting feature of Yehohanans skeleton is his feet. You may also need to take antibiotics to prevent infection. To hasten death, the victim sometimes had his legs broken (crurifragium); the resulting compound fracture of the shin bones may have resulted in hemorrhage and fat embolisms, not to mention significant pain, causing earlier death. Stiegler D, Gilbert JD, Warner MS, Byard RW. Spanish. 2008;10(6):301305. After that, a comparison between the bite marks of the cutaneous samples and the dental casts was made.
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