Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton maintained a strong and productive relationship for nearly half a century as they sought to secure political rights for women. Their goods crisscrossed the country on the Norths growing railroad network. In contrast to the slave South, northerners praised their region as a land of free labor, populated by farmers, merchants, and wage laborers. The top left showsa riot in Memphis and at the top ariot in New Orleans. Why did southern Democrats agree to the Compromise of 1877? By 1860, northerners could buy clothing made in a New England factory, or light their homes with kerosene oil from Pennsylvania. . But the Supreme Court Sixteen African Americans served in Congress during Reconstructionincluding Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce in the U.S. Senatemore than 600 in state legislatures, and hundreds more in local offices from sheriff to justice of the peace scattered across the South. While the fight for womens rights stalled during the war, it sprung back to life as Anthony, Stanton, and others formed the American Equal Rights Association. In this magnificent visual metaphor for the reconciliation of the North and South, John Lawrence postulates what might result from reunion. In the excerpt below, Garrison Frazier, the chosen spokesman for the group, explains the importance of land for freedom. The end of Reconstruction was a staggered process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states. In this video, Kim examines continuity and change over time in the lives of African Americans in the South before and after Reconstruction. They didn't have control of their bodies or of their labor. None of this is to suggest that the Norths superior ability to supply its war machine made the outcome of the war inevitable. After the 13th Amendment, most Susan B. Anthony was one of them and was arrested but then acquitted in trial. They actively sought industrial development, northern investment, and internal improvements. Nightriders harassed and killed Black candidates and officeholders and frightened voters away from the polls. They argued that by nationalizing citizenship for all people and protecting all rights of citizensincluding the right to votethe Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments guaranteed womens suffrage. defined the 14th Amendment very narrowly in the late 19th of the 1950s and '60s. Section One granted citizenship and repealed the Taney Courts infamous Dred Scott (1857) decision. Mississippis vagrant law, excerpted here, required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment. 1, c. 1866.Library of Congress. It was also home to a robust market economy. Alfred R. Waud, The Freedmens Bureau, 1868.Library of Congress. Perhaps most striking of all, in the vast agricultural wealth of the South, many southerners struggled to find enough to eat. This was especially true in the South. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. Three groups made up Southern Republicanism. Why was the Compromise of 1877 considered a setback for Civil Rights? The violence, according to many white conservatives, was fabricated, or not as bad as it was claimed, or an unavoidable consequence of the enfranchisement of African Americans. Johnson andReconstruction cartoon, 1866, This print mocksReconstruction by makingseveral allusions to Shakespeare. With the Compromise of 1877, army intervention in the South ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. Newspaper ads sought information about long-lost relatives. period following the Civil War, when the US government, The war also pushed the U.S. government to take unprecedented steps. and South Carolina to black families, who They won particular influence during Ulysses S. Grants first term as president (18681872). extended citizenship to all persons born or Along with the textile mills, shoe factories, and iron foundries, the firms that produced McCormicks wheat harvesters and Colts firearms displayed the technical advances of northern manufacturers. Laws like the Black Codes, which so obviously attempted Nonetheless, the political revolution of Reconstruction spawned increasingly violent opposition from white Southerners. Meanwhile, New Departure Democratswho focused on business, economics, political corruption, and tradegained strength by distancing themselves from pro-slavery Democrats and Copperheads. The Fifteenth Amendment prohibited discrimination in voting rights on the basis of race, color, or previous status (i.e. Enslavement by private citizens was illegal after the 13th amendment. Joseph E. Baker, The Rail Splitter at Work Repairing the Union, 1865.Library of Congress. citizenship, and democracy? Abraham Lincoln announced the first comprehensive program for Reconstruction, the Ten Percent Plan. . Mississippis vagrant law required all freedmen to carry papers proving they had means of employment.6 If they had no proof, they could be arrested and fined. The era witnessed perhaps the most open and widespread discussions of citizenship since the nations founding. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Black southern voters helped Grant win most of the former Confederacy. 3 What was one result of the end of Reconstruction in the South? In 1871 the administration launched a legal and military offensive that destroyed the Klan. Hayes won by one electoral vote. When Black Americans and their radical allies succeeded in securing citizenship for freedpeople, a new fight commenced to determine the legal, political, and social implications of American citizenship. The last ember of hope for land redistribution was extinguished when Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumners proposed land reform bills were tabled in Congress. Then it enacted a series of Enforcement Acts authorizing national action to suppress political violence. Although slavery could not be reinstated, Jim Crow legislation ensured that the core ideology of the Confederacy, white supremacy, was retained. At Colfax, Louisiana, in 1873, scores of Black militiamen were killed after surrendering to armed whites intent on seizing control of local government. In one instance, Freedmens Bureau commissioner General Oliver O. Howard went to Edisto Island to inform the Black population there of the policy change. right to vote in 1870. Violence shattered the dream of biracial democracy. The Democrats wanted to end Reconstruction and the, Hayes won presidency and removed all federal troops in the South, Tilden won the popular vote but not the electoral vote With the Compromise of Reconstruction brought the first moment of mass democratic participation for African Americans. You are ready to say they did and we will not argue the point with you. Access to pulpits and growing congregations provided a foundation for ministers political leadership. labeled Contents: Freedom, what would you expect to find inside? After the Civil War, they also wanted to enact harsh penalties against the former Confederate states. What was the "New South" that was emerging by 1900? became sharecroppers, renting a portion of a the South in the late 1870s, Southern state governments imposed a range of voter suppression tactics to effectively bar African However, the proclamation freed only enslaved people in areas of rebellion and left more than seven hundred thousand in bondage in Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri as well as in Union-occupied areas of Louisiana, Tennessee, and Virginia. These laws didn't change much; after all, slavery was undisputably outlawed. This new approach interpreted the Constitution as already guaranteeing women the right to vote. But I feel that I have claims upon my country. What were the Reconstruction era promises? have their labor sold. On the eve of the 1876 presidential election, the nation still reeled from depression. They could not make enough money to pay back their debt to landowners and buy their own land. How would these states be brought back into the Union? Many fellow activists were dismayed by Stantons and Anthonys willingness to appeal to racism to advance their cause.25. One of the more marked transformations that took place after emancipation was the proliferation of independent Black churches and church associations. Reconstruction ended with the compromise of 1877 which was between republicans and democrats. While public schools were virtually nonexistent in the antebellum period, by the end of Reconstruction, every southern state had established a public school system.10 Republican officials opened state institutions like mental asylums, hospitals, orphanages, and prisons to white and Black residents, though often on a segregated basis. kept black farmers, as well as small white farmers, in an endless cycle of debt and poverty. Black delegates actively participated in revising state constitutions. political power, and economic self-sufficiency? WebExplain that African Americans in the South faced a variety of problems at the end of Reconstruction. expected to find in the box labeled Freedom was very different from what their former The 13th was made in 1865, the 14th in 1868, and the 15 in 1870. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_the_United_States#First_major_wave_of_Asian_immigration_(1850%E2%80%931917), Creative Commons Attribution/Non-Commercial/Share-Alike. Soon afterward, Congress approved the Fifteenth Amendment, prohibiting states from restricting the right to vote because of race. Cotton fed the textile mills of America and Europe and brought great wealth to the region. Even everyday violence between individuals disproportionally targeted African Americans during Reconstruction. Johnson refused, but Grant resigned, and Congress put Edwin M. Stanton back in office over the presidents objections. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". that man I cannot well forgive. These divisions came to a head early in 1867, as the AERA organized a campaign in Kansas to determine the fate of Black and woman suffrage. the number of US citizens and it decoupled Sherman lacked the authority to confiscate and distribute land, so this plan never fully took effect.13 One of the main purposes of the Freedmens Bureau, however, was to redistribute lands to formerly enslaved people that had been abandoned and confiscated by the federal government. Rival governments arose claiming to recognize Tilden as the rightfully elected president. Reconstruction ended when northerners abandoned the cause of the formerly enslaved and Democrats recaptured southern politics. Between When and why did the Reconstruction end quizlet? The social order rested on a subjugated underclass, and the labor system required unfree laborers. The backlash succeeded, and the promises of Reconstruction were mostly unfulfilled. African American officeholders came from diverse backgrounds. The Transcontinental Railroad, launched during the war, failed to produce substantial economic gains for years. How did Plessy v. Ferguson make the fight against segregation more difficult? Moving into political office was a natural continuation of the leadership roles they had held in their former communities. The only way to protect Republican interests in the South was to give the vote to the hundreds of thousands of Black men. Many of these codes defined anyone who wasn't under a labor eradication of southern black poverty. WebThe most significant enduring legacy of Reconstruction was the: creation of true social equality in the South. In this Harpers Weekly print, Black men of various occupations wait patiently for their turn as the first voter submits his ballot. Not until the 1960s, in the civil rights movement, sometimes called the second Reconstruction, would the country again attempt to fulfill the political and social agenda of Reconstruction. When just 10 percent of a states voting population had taken such an oath, loyal Unionists could then establish governments.3 These so-called Lincoln governments sprang up in pockets where Union support existed like Louisiana, Tennessee, and Arkansas. National attention shifted away from the South and the activities of the Klan, but African Americans remained trapped in a world of white supremacy that restricted their economic, social, and political rights. What was one result of the end of Reconstruction in the South? The answers to many of Reconstructions questions hinged on the concepts of citizenship and equality. Advocates for womens suffrage were largely confined to the North, but southern women were experiencing social transformations as well. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Unsurprisingly, these were also the places that were exempted from the liberating effects of the Emancipation Proclamation. Military rule in the South; Democrats regaining power in southern states; African Americans losing rights they, Explain how Republicans began to lose power, Scandals during Republican President Grant's term led. Please select which sections you would like to print: Dewitt Clinton Professor of History, Columbia University. In many cases, Confederate officials dispensed with taxes paid in cash and simply impressed the food and materials needed from their citizens. After all, it is much easier to hate people whom you do not interact with. Planters broke up large farms into smaller plots tended by single families in exchange for a portion of the crop, a system called sharecropping. Amendment outlawed slavery? Matt Morgen, Print of a crowd driven from Tompkins Square by the mounted police, in the Tompkins Square Riot of 1874, January 1874.Wikimedia. Governmental and private buildings, communication systems, the economy, and transportation infrastructure were all debilitated. The acts made it criminal to deprive African Americans of their civil rights. States grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the Union the states that had Direct link to Liam Madiam's post It's not just one because. Southerners did make astonishing gains in industrial production during this time, but it was never enough. While no one could agree on what the best plan for reconstructing the nation would be, Americans understood the moment as critical and perhaps revolutionary. A notion of white supremacy and Black inferiority undergirded it all. For the South as a whole, the war and Reconstruction marked the start of a period of deep poverty that would last until at least the New Deal of the 1930s. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln propelled Vice President Andrew Johnson into the executive office in April 1865. To Blacks, freedom meant independence from white control. Loyal to the Union during the Civil War, they saw the Republican Party as a means of keeping Confederates from regaining power in the South. Lacking land, most former slaves had little economic alternative other than resuming work on plantations owned by whites. He also outlined how new state governments would be created. It was not uncommon to find a one-room school with more than fifty students ranging in age from three to eighty. Alfred R. Waud, The First Vote, November 1867.Library of Congress. But the more numerous moderate Republicans hoped to work with Johnson while modifying his program. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. First, it didn't include women, much to the frustration of If they had no proof, they could be arrested, fined, or even re-enslaved and leased out to their former enslaver. That's a great question Richy. WebAfter the war they schemed to stay in rulership, thus tenant farming and sharecropping. Reconstruction came to an end as a direct result of too many Southerners opposing the reconstruction. When all efforts for reconstruction were met with a battle, the spirits of the Northerners to reconstruct the South began to wane because they did not want to constantly be met with confrontation while trying to reconstruct the area. After the Civil War had been fought and black people were granted the right to vote as true citizens of the United States, there were many people in the South Although Johnson narrowly escaped conviction in the Senate, Congress won the power to direct a new phase of Reconstruction. attempted to negotiate a new social and political From the ashes of civil war, a new nation faced fresh possibilities while enduring old problems. Churches were often the largest building in town and served as community centers. Carpetbaggers, or recent arrivals from the North, were former Union soldiers, teachers, Freedmens Bureau agents, and businessmen. Victory did not produce a sudden economic boom for the rest of the United States, either. Others resettled far from their former plantations, hoping to eventually farm their own land or run their own businesses. An example is the DC-3 Aircraft, which began flying before the regulations for that kind of structure was declared insufficiently stable. Because most African Americans in the South were very poor, they could not afford to pay poll taxes that most white people could pay. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. However, this provoked a violent backlash from whites who did not want to relinquish supremacy. At least 270 other African American men served in patronage positions as postmasters, customs officials, assessors, and ambassadors. [Richmond, Va. Crippled locomotive, Richmond & Petersburg Railroad depot], c. 1865.Library of Congress. . Hayes was inaugurated in March 1877. 2 What happened after the end of Reconstruction quizlet? Since the entire South suffered from economic devastation, many families were impoverished and sank into debt. The Fourteenth Amendment signaled the federal governments willingness to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were unenforced but remained on the books, forming the basis of the mid-20th-century civil rights movement. Still steeped in the violence of slavery, white southerners could scarcely imagine Black free labor. In the South, where many farms were capitalized entirely through loans, sources of credit vanished, many landowners defaulted, and farmers entered an already oversaturated labor market. It established the supremacy of the federal government over the states, It brought the states of the Union back together; Amnesty was granted to most southerners who had fought for the Confederacy, Former Confederates kept their property and participated in political process; Slavery was ended, African Americans were recognized as citizens of the United States, All citizens were granted equal treatment under the law, The Freedman's Bureau built more than 1,000 schools for African Americans, including colleges and universities, Poll taxes and literacy tests limited African Americans' ability to vote -Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in public places, including schools -Some restaurants and public places refused to serve African Americans at all; Segregation laws challenged in federal Court.
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