Tennessee Mr Basketball Candidates, Usccb Funeral Mass Readings, Articles R

Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. . However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs thirty journals, primarily in the humanities and social sciences, though it The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Book VII brings the narrative to the death of King Harsha (1101), and Book VIII deals with the stormy events between the death of Harsha and the stabilization of authority under Kalhanas contemporary Jayasimha (reigned 112849). Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. Kalhana describes Shamkaravarman (883902) thus (Stein's trans. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. From the Pen of Jonarja, Court Pait to Suln Zayn al-bidn. [28] He was defeated by Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin at Thanna with the help of Jasrath Khokhar, a chieftain from Pothohar Plateau. In the legacy of Sanskrit, Kashmir and Kerala can be said to have a unique fellowship of literary creativity, with icons like Bilhana and Somadeva in Kashmir and Shankara and Narayana Bhattathiri in Kerala. He delved deep into such model works as the Harsacarita and the Brihat-samhita epics and used with commendable familiarity the local rajakathas (royal chronicles) and such previous works on Kashmir as Nripavali by Kshemendra, Parthivavali by Helaraja, and Nilamatapurana. From Stein's translation:[3]. He was known for his religious tolerance. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. His queen eloped with a Buddhist monk, so he destroyed the Buddhist monasteries and gave their land to the Brahmins. How do people make money on survival on Mars? The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. Rajatarangini can be a metric splendid and verifiable account of the north-western Indian subcontinent, mainly the lords of Kashmir. Get all the important information related to the Railway Exam including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. Feature Flags: { Established the city of. Verse 7. This seems to be official genealogy of the Sultanate. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). But even this account is not fully reliable from a historical point of view. Hiranya died childless. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Nothing is known about his origin. [32] He died in 1550 after being killed in battle with the Kashmiris. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Madurai is one of the major cities in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu. According to the historical evidence, Lalitaditya Muktapida ruled during the 8th century. What was the content of the text the Rajatarangini? After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). Researchers who showed up at this portrayal of the Rajatarangini as the first work of history, the last referenced drawing out the basic release of the Rajatarangini and its full English interpretation, which is perused right up til the present time. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. Haksar captured the mystique of Indias coordinates in this couplet: We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Kalhaa's account also states that the city of Srinagar was founded by the Mauryan emperor, Ashoka, and that Buddhism reached the Kashmir valley during this period. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Sultan Shihabud-din did not have a large number of soldiers to battle against the Kashgar army. His customary applied system, involving careless presumptions and faith in the artists job as a type of moral sayings, makes the glorifying content in his story, especially for the early period, rather predominant. Barring a successful invasion of Ladakh, Sikandar did not annex any new territory. Built a great city called Srinagara (near but not same as the modern-day. Nephew of Didda. His writing is full of literary devices and allusions, concealed by his unique and elegant style. Became queen after the death of all male heirs. He died after hearing about the false news of Sandhimati's death. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? [a] He thinks it more likely that he was a descendant of Turkish or Persian immigrants to Swat, who had intermarried with local indigenous peoples. According to D. C. Sircar, Kalhana has confused the legendary Vikramaditya of Ujjain with the Vardhana Emperor Harsha (c. 606-47 CE). He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Verse 11. You can try more lenient search to get some results. Note: Muhammad Shah had five separate reigns from 1484 to 1537.[34]. [5] The total reign of the following kings is mentioned as 1266 years. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. And for another, Sarvagnana Peetha in Srinagar where Shankaracharya was enthroned is the one mystic chord of tradition that has endured in the Keralite imagination of Kashmir. Kalhaa's account of Kashmir begins with the legendary reign of Gonarda, who was contemporary to Yudhishthira of the Mahbhrata, but the recorded history of Kashmir, as retold by Kalhaa begins from the period of the Mauryas. He was deposed by rebellious ministers, and granted asylum by a neighboring king. What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Raman Menons translation bears the signature of his scholarly skills, derived from mastery of both Sanskrit and Malayalam. For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Examples translated by humans: MyMemory, World's Largest Translation Memory. The long and arduous journey of the great saint across the country to Kashmir, punctuated by philosophical debates with peers and concurrent composition of immortal commentaries on the Hindu texts, is part of Indias sacred history. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? His admittance to minute subtleties of contemporary court interests was practically immediate: his dad and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. Its apt choice of kavya (poetry), as felicitously described by Shonaleeka Kaul, makes for a versatile and flexible mode that can entertain the mythic and the folk alongside classical and conventionalised registers of imagination and representation. Book II introduces a new line of kings not mentioned in any other authentic source, starting with Pratapaditya I and ending with Aryaraja. "useRatesEcommerce": false Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Toromanu is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). Verse 7. Rajatarangini ("The River of Kings") is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western part of India, particularly the kings of Kashmir. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. There too, legend is mixed with reality, and Toramana Huna is incorporated into the line of Meghavahana. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Verse 13. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Made king by the minister Shura. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. Zain-ul-Abidin was also known as 'the Akbar of Kashmir'. Verse 14. that the material was genuinely picky. He was given the title of Raja by the Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II in the year 1830 as he had gone to England as an envoy of the emperor. View Answer [6], On the other hand, the 15th century Kashmiri historian Jonaraja, writing in the court of Shah Mir's descendant Budshah, states that Shah Mir came to Kashmir along with his tribe from the country of Panchagahvara (identified as the Panjgabbar valley between Rajouri and Budhal). [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. [2] The dynasty is named after its founder, Shah Mir. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. Expelled several irreligious Brahmins who used to eat garlic (non-. Son of Ajitapida. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. He looked into an assortment of epigraphic sources connecting with illustrious tributes, development of sanctuaries, and land awards; he concentrated on coins, fantastic remaining parts, family records, and nearby practices. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. The chronicles only start to align with other evidence by book IV. From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. 23 February 2011. Some of the architectural projects commissioned by the dynasty in Kashmir include: Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar. Deposed by Tantrin soldiers, who had earlier served as the royal bodyguards. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. orders. After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). In 1540, the Sultanate was briefly interrupted when Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat, a Chagatai Turco-Mongol military general attacked and occupied Kashmir. Gave lands to Brahmins. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided into eight books called Tarangas (waves). Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. Rajatarangini, Telugu translation by Renduchintala Lakshmi Narasimha Sastry, This page was last edited on 14 November 2022, at 18:27. Abul Fazl translated into Persian many outstanding Sanskrit works, such as, the. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. [12] Kashmiri scholar N. K. Zutshi, having critically examined the sources, reconciles the two versions by noting that the Persian chronicles mentions Swadgir rather than Swat, which he interprets as Swadgabar, meaning "suburbs of Gabar", which coincides with Jonaraja's description of Panchagahvara-Simani (on the borders of Panchagagvara). The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. We have migrated to a new commenting platform. According to Kalhana, this king "did not speak the language of the gods but used vulgar speech fit for drunkards, showed that he was descended from a family of spirit-distillers" (Stein's translation). Gonandiya Baladitya made his officer in charge of fodder, Durlabhavardhana (III.489) his son-in-law because he was handsome.