What do we mean by Polarity? pH of Hydrogen Peroxide Acidic or Alkaline? No. In organic chemistry, one of the most important key points to keep in mind while sketching the electron dot structure is that hydrogen atoms will usually take the terminal positions irrespective of the comparison in the electronegativity values. My aim is to uncover unknown scientific facts and sharing my findings with everyone who has an interest in Science. CH3Cl Lewis Structure, Molecular Geometry, Hybridization. The C-Cl bond length is 134 pm while each C-H bond length is 107 pm in CH3Cl. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Welcome to Techiescientist.com. 4. What is the molecular geometry of CCl_{4}? This is an exception to the general rule of always keeping the most electropositive element in the center while drawing the Lewis Structure. So, all the atoms fulfilled the octet comfortably, now just check for the formal charge to know if the above CH3CN lewis structure is stable or not. 5. of valence electrons of the oxygen atom = 6, Steric number of CH3OH wrt O = ( 6 + 2 ) / 2 = 4. According to the CH3CN lewis structure, the right side carbon atom (C2) is bonded to one nitrogen atom, one left side carbon(C1), and no lone pair present on it. 3. The net charge on a molecule is the sum of the formal charges on each individual atom. Simply put the single bond in between each atom in 2nd step structure. Im a mother of two crazy kids and a science lover with a passion for sharing the wonders of our universe. By looking at the above structure, we see our right side carbon completed the octet comfortably and the oxygen atom which we have taken one lone pair to convert into the covalent bond also achieved the octet. It is one of the most important aldehydes, occurring widely in nature and being produced on a large scale in industry.Acetaldehyde occurs naturally in coffee, bread, and . A molecule of dimethyl ether has 20 valence electrons. The team at Topblogtenz includes experts like experienced researchers, professors, and educators, with the goal of making complex subjects like chemistry accessible and understandable for all. Strong vs Weak - Acetic acid, N2H2 Lewis structure, molecular geometry, hybridization,, C3H6 Lewis structure, Hybridization, Molecular geometry,, H2CO lewis structure, molecular geometry, polarity,, CHCl3 lewis structure, molecular geometry, polarity,, ClO2- lewis structure, molecular geometry, polarity,, N2H4 lewis structure, molecular geometry, polarity,, SCl2 Lewis structure, molecular geometry or shape, polarity,, H2CO3 Lewis structure, molecular geometry, hybridization,, AX3E Molecular geometry, Hybridization, Bond angle, Polarity. Complete the duplet and/or octet of the outer atoms. There are a total of 4 electron density regions around the central Si atom in SiF4 and there is no lone pair present on this central atom. So, it implies tetrahedral geometry. 3. VSEPR stands for Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory. What we need to learn now is how this molecule appears in 3-dimensional space. Therefore, we are left with 10 valence electrons more. Techiescientist is a Science Blog for students, parents, and teachers. The difference is around 0.89 which results in the formation of polar bonds. Draw the Lewis Dot Structure. { means it has 4 regions of electron density and no lone pair present on it. Your email address will not be published. ", "@context": "https://schema.org", This group is always working together in a structure. Carbon needs 8 electrons in its outermost shell to achieve the octet. In this article, we will discuss Acetic acid (CH3COOH) lewis structure, hybridization, polar or nonpolar, geometry, etc. Since all the atoms are in either period 1 or 2, this molecule will adhere to the octet rule. Therefore, the net charge on methanol molecule is; This means that methanol is a neutral compound that has 2 lone pairs situated on the oxygen atom and its final lewis structure will look something like as can be seen in the following image; It is however agreeable that a Lewis structure gives a lot of information about a certain compound, although it is difficult to tell a compounds geometry and hybridization exactly by this concept. Each straight line represents a single covalent bond i.e., a bond pair containing 2 electrons. The hydrogen atom is an exception to the octet rule as it only needs two electrons to fulfill the outermost shell. It is a polar solvent due to the presence of a hydroxyl functional group. It is a colorless liquid and has a fruity odor. The only right side carbon atom is left without the octet. Answer: I assume you mean C2H4Cl2, which is dichloroethane. If we look at organic compounds like CH3OCH3, we have covalent bonds formed between carbon and hydrogen and also carbon and oxygen. Check the stability with the help of a formal charge concept, To determine the formal charge on an atom. > We must first draw the Lewis structure of acetic acid. They key is placing an Oxygen (O) atom between the two Nitrogen atoms. Molecular geometry, also known as the molecular structure, is the three-dimensional structure or arrangement of atoms in a molecule. An explanation of the molecular geometry for the CH3OCH3 (Dimethyl ether) including a description of the CH3OCH3 bond angles. According to the CH3CN lewis structure, the left side carbon atom (C1) is bonded to three hydrogen atoms, one right side carbon(C2), and no lone pair present on it. Its electron geometry and its molecular geometry are both tetrahedral as in methane. the geometry of the molecule is trigonal pyramidal. I am Savitri,a science enthusiast with a passion to answer all the questions of the universe. (5 2 6/2) = o formal charge on the nitrogen atom. }] One lone pair is present on each N-atom at the center of . Now, you may have a look at the VSEPR chart below. As there are a total of 14 valence shell electrons in methanol, therefore, there must be 7 electron pairs in the molecule. As we can see, we get a bent molecular geometry like water here. What are the electron and molecular geometry of CH3Cl? A lewis structure gives us information about the existence of a bond between atoms, although it is not enough to tell us about the type of the bond. Step 2. This is composed of a framework and a -bond. As such, the bond angle of CHCl3 is 109.5. It is primary alkyl alcohol in which a methyl group is linked to a hydroxyl functional group. It has an AX3 generic formula. Each sp3 hybrid orbital is equivalent and contains a single electron only. But remember, for this structure you'll need to put an Oxygen (O) atom between Nitrogen (N) atoms. Geometry of Molecules. CH3OCH3 has its use as propellants in aerosol products like hair sprays. All rights Reserved, Follow some steps for drawing the lewis structure of CH3CN, NBr3 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, ICl2- lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, SeF4 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, BrO3- lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, AlCl3 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, NCl3 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, CH3F lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, SiCl4 Lewis structure, Molecular geometry, Bond angle,, BrF5 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,, SiO2 lewis structure, molecular geometry, bond angle,. He holds a degree in B.Tech (Chemical Engineering) and has four years of experience as a chemistry tutor. Lone pair-bond pair repulsions distort the shape of the molecule. . The bonded atoms in a CH 3 Cl molecule possess a mutual bond angle of 109.5, as expected in a symmetrical tetrahedral shape. He holds a degree in B.Tech (Chemical Engineering) and has four years of experience as a chemistry tutor. The most stable geometry for the electron pairs, bonding and non-bonding is a tetrahedron, a prediction of VSEPR. Therefore, it becomes necessary to know the VSEPR theory and hybridization concept. bond, 1 C-O bond, 1 O-H bond and 1 C-C bond. In this second step, usually the least electronegative atom out of all the concerned atoms is chosen as the central atom. The following image shows the lewis structure which has all the bonds and lone pairs visible along with the satisfied octet rule. We will calculate the formal charge on the 5th step structure. It is naturally present in the atmosphere as well as released into the air via its usage as an industrial chemical and a refrigerant. Acetic acid is a simple organic or monocarboxylic acid made up of two carbon, two oxygen, and four hydrogens with the chemical formula CH3COOH. You can also check its molecular geometry through the AXN method. The absence of any lone pair of electrons on the central C-atom in CH3Cl means there are no lone pair-lone pair and lone pair-bond pair electronic repulsions present in the molecule. As we can observe, methanol has three C-H bonds, one C-O bond, and one O-H bond. A passion for sharing knowledge and a love for chemistry and science drives the team behind the website. Dashed lines to represent bonds that extend away from the viewer. Drawing the Lewis Structure for C 2 H 2 (Ethyne or Acetylene). Polarity: Polar ( dipole 1.3D) The four atomic orbitals; one 2s and three 2p orbitals mix with each other to form four sp3 hybrid orbitals which can be seen in the following image. We only need a good approach to draw the lewis diagram of any molecule, it doesnt matter whether the molecule simple or complex. The electronegativity difference in the C-O bond is 3.44 2.55 = 0.89 which cannot be neglected. CH3OCH3 has its use as propellants in aerosol products like hair sprays. CH3CN is a polar aprotic solvent means it doesnt have an acidic proton but has the ability to dissolve ions in water. 1. A. trigonal pyramidal B. trigonal planar C. linear D. tetrahedral; What is the molecular geometry of the PF_(4)^(+1) ion? We know that two bonding electrons together form a bond which is represented by a line. bond, 1 C-O bond, 1 O-H bond and 1 C-C bond. "acceptedAnswer": { Earlier, you walked through the process to de the Lewis dot structure for a molecule, now you will walk through this with an ion (including using formal to "place" the . The bonded atoms in a CH3Cl molecule possess a mutual bond angle of 109.5, as expected in a symmetrical tetrahedral shape. Another factor that determines the polarity of a compound is dipole moment, which is the magnitude of the product of the partial charge of atoms and the distance between them. Polar aprotic solvents contain no hydrogen atoms connected directly to an electronegative atom and they are not capable of hydrogen bonding. Steric number of carbon atom(C1) = (4 + 0) = 4. CH2Cl2-lewis-structure. Steric number of carbon atom(C2) = (2 + 0) = 2. Your email address will not be published. 3. ) for one carbon atom, F.C. I quickly take you through how to draw the Lewis Structure of CH3CHO (ethanal). Hybridization is a concept that describes the formation of hybrid orbitals upon the mixing of pure atomic orbitals which are identical in both energy and shape. As you see in the above structure, we had 10 remaining valence electrons and we put all these on the oxygen outer atom to fulfill their octet, as all hydrogen atoms already have two electrons in their valence shell because of a single bond. According to VSEPR theory, electrons being like-charged tend to experience repulsion amongst themselves in their negatively charged atmosphere. For making the lewis structure of methanol, it is required to satisfy the octet rule first and then calculate the formal charge of every element in the molecule. The Lewis structure of CH3Cl consists of a carbon (C) atom at the center which is bonded to three hydrogens (H) atoms and one atom of chlorine (Cl). Moreover, by sharing a bonding pair with oxygen, each hydrogen atom now has a full valence shell of two electrons. What is the molecular geometry of PBr3? So, the first step of drawing the lewis diagram of any molecule is to determine the valence electron present within a molecule. One single bond contains two electrons, so, these 5 bonds contain a total of 10 valence electrons. We know about the valence electrons and the type of bonds formed (six C-H bonds and 2 C-O bonds). So, place the remaining 6 valence electrons around the nitrogen atom to complete its octet. on oxygen atom = (6 4 4/2) = 0, So, all atoms in the CH3COOH lewis structure have zero formal charge-. This denotes that H is always placed as an outer atom in a Lewis structure. Acetonitrile is not capable of hydrogen bonding in water, still, it is highly polar in nature with a dipole moment higher than 3.5 Debye. X denotes the bonded atoms to the central atom, three hydrogens, and one right side carbon is bonded to it, therefore. 6. As you see in the above structure, we convert the one lone pair of oxygen electrons to a covalent bond without violating any octet rule. The exception, of course, being the hydrogen's. They follow the duet rule (2 electrons). And, given below is the 3D image of the shape of the CH3OCH3 molecule. Hydrogen (E.N = 2.20) is less electronegative than carbon (E.N = 2.55) but it cannot be chosen as the central atom because a hydrogen (H) atom can accommodate only 2 electrons so it can form a bond with a single adjacent atom only. The Lewis Structure of a molecule gives the simplest representation of valence shell electrons around itself. Required fields are marked *. . It is an odorless, colorless, flammable chemical compound that exists as a gas at room temperature and pressure. In this tutorial, we will discuss CH3CN lewis structure, molecular geometry, polar or nonpolar, hybridization, etc. Molecular geometry is associated with the specific orientation of bonding atoms. CH3OH is the molecular formula of methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, which is the simplest aliphatic alcohol. Here, we will be moving further by taking carbon as the central atom. In this way, there are a total of 4 electron density regions around the central C-atom in the CH3OH Lewis structure. In the Lewis structure of CH3Cl, Carbon is at the central position and all the other atoms around it. Check the stability with the help of a formal charge concept. So, the steric number of 4 implies the Sp3 hybridization on the left side carbon atom (C1). The solution is to share three pairs of valence electrons and . We know that methanol has three C-H bonds, one C-O bond, and one O-H bond. Three of the four sp3 hybrid orbitals of carbon form C-H sigma () bonds by overlapping with the s-orbitals of the hydrogen atoms. There is no lone pair of electrons on the central C-atom in CH3Cl thus it has an AX4 generic formula. 66475 views Let's connect through LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/vishal-goyal-2926a122b/, Your email address will not be published. The electronegativity difference in the O-H bond is 3.44 2.2 = 1.24 which makes this bond polar. Understanding the molecular structure of a compound can help determine the polarity, reactivity, phase of matter, color, magnetism, as well as the biological activity. Chlorine is more electronegative than both carbon and hydrogen. The following table shows the respective hybridization of each steric number value. CH3COOH has two types of molecular geometry or shape - Trigonal planar and Tetrahedral geometry. But the right side carbon has only 3 single bonds that contain 6 electrons. There is more than one. As the Carbon (C) atom has a lower value, so it will be the central atom. In VSEPR theory, we deal with AXnEx notations where: A stands for the central atom, here we have the oxygen to be the central atom, X stands for the surrounding atoms, therefore the value of n is 2 ( if we consider the C atoms or the CH3 groups). The CH2OH molecule contains a total of 4 bond (s) There are 1 non-H bond (s) and 1 hydroxyl group (s). "@type": "FAQPage", Each hydrogen atom has connected with boron through a single bond in the lewis structure of borane (BH3). Solution Step 1. The steric number of central C in CH3Cl is 4 so it has sp3 hybridization. Formal charge of the O atom = 6 0.5*4 4 = 0. The nitrile functional group(CN) is polarized, because of the greater difference of electronegativity between carbon(2.55) and nitrogen(3.04), and the fact that a triple bond binds these 2 atoms. 6. Copyright 2023 - topblogtenz.com. In contrast to that, a Cl-atom needs a total of 8 valence electrons to achieve a stable octet electronic configuration. "text": " Total number of the Valence electron in carbon = 4 . Also, by looking at the lewis diagram of acetic acid, its structure doesnt seem to appear symmetrical, which means, it has unequal or unsymmetrical sharing of valence electrons. For completing the lewis diagram, the last step is to calculate the formal charge. 83 views, 2 likes, 0 loves, 0 comments, 0 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Geometry Of Molecules: CH3CHO Lewis Structure (Acetaldehyde) Hello everyone, welcome back to Geometry of Molecules, where. 40 Unit - 4.Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Important Points and Terms of the Chapter. It can also cause chronic health conditions in the central nervous system, severe headaches, and numbness, etc. The molecular geometry or shape of chloromethane (CH3Cl) is tetrahedral. So, we have the AX2E2 notation for the methoxymethane molecule. As per the Lewis structure of CH. The CH3Cl bond angle. 1. All rights Reserved, How to draw lewis structure for CH3COOH (Acetic acid), Follow some steps for drawing the lewis dot structure of CH3COOH (Acetic acid). In conclusion, CH3Cl is a polar molecule (net = 1.86 D). This unequal distribution of charge generates a net dipole moment which makes the CH3COOH molecule polar in nature. Valence electrons are the electrons that are present in the outermost shell of the atom. Draw the molecule by placing atoms on the grid and connecting them with bonds. It appears as a colorless liquid and is less dense than water. Draw the Lewis diagram for this molecule, give the hybridization of each carbon atom, and describe the p orbitals and the number of electrons that occupy . Using VSEPR theory and its chart, we can easily determine the shape or geometry of CH3COOH. Hence, the valence electron for carbon is 4, for oxygen, it is 6, and for hydrogen, it is 1. Why CH3CN is polar? As discovered by the formal charge calculation that methanol is neutral, therefore the values of a and b are 0. All the 4 electron density regions are comprised of bond pairs thus there is no lone pair of electrons on the central C-atom in CH3Cl. The octet rule states for every element to obtain a noble gas configuration i.e to have a total of 2 electrons (in the case of H and He) or a total of 8 electrons in their valence shells. In the CH, X denotes the atoms bonded to the central atom. For trigonal pyramidal geometry the bond angle is slightly less than 109.5 degrees, around 107 degrees. For a dipole moment to be present between two atoms, there needs to be an electronegativity difference between them. In the case of CH3Cl, there are only two single atoms C and Cl, where their electronegativity values are 2.6 and 3.2. Functional Groups and Molecular Geometry. Lets find the hybridization of CH3CN through the steric number of its central atom(C1 and C2). on carbon and oxygen atoms. The VSEPR model assumes that electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that . According to hybridization, two or more orbitals overlap each other and form two or more hybrid orbitals which have the same energy and shape. This problem has been solved! Ethanal is most likely a carcinogen in humans. If a compound has 4 bond pairs and no lone pairs, then it will have the tetrahedral geometry. (Adapted from Chemistry@TutorVista.com) Carbon color(red)(1) This atom has four atoms directly attached and no lone pairs. In acetic acid lewis structure, there are 3 C-H bonds, 1 C=O. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. Therefore, we can say that the hybridization of CH3OH is sp3. As per the lewis structure of CH3COOH, there are a total of 8 lone pair electrons present that are situated around both oxygen atoms. According to the VSEPR theory, the Chlorine atoms all repel each other forming a tetrahedral shape. "text": "As per the lewis structure of CH3COOH, there are a total of 8 lone pair electrons present that are situated around both oxygen atoms. 13.3 Nomenclature 13.8 Physical Properties 13.4 Preparation of Amines 13.9 Chemical Reactions 13.5 Physical Properties 13.10 Importance of Diazonium Salts in 13.6 Chemical Reactions Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds 'wise Analysis of Last 10 Years' CBSE Board Questions (2020-2011 Number of ques! What is Lewis Structure for the bicarbonate ion This is known as the octet fulfillment rule. Let's connect through LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/vishal-goyal-2926a122b/, Your email address will not be published. Your email address will not be published. One of the two electrons shifts to the empty 2p atomic orbital. (1 0 2/2) = 0 formal charge on all hydrogen atoms. We aim to make complex subjects, like chemistry, approachable and enjoyable for everyone. The difference between C and H values is not quite significant but when it comes to the 2 C-O bonds, we will have a partial + on C and a - on O atom. The consequence of this is the quite strong dipole moment (almost more than 3.5 Debye) in the CH3CN molecule. We now already know how a 2-dimensional methoxymethane molecule looks like. There are a total of 4 electron density regions around the central C-atom so the ideal electronic geometry of each haloalkane is tetrahedral. Business, Finance, Economics, Accounting, Operations Management, Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical . We have utilized 16 of our valence electrons to form 6 C-H and 2 C-O bonds. Here we use the hybridization model. Since the central carbon atom has 4 sigma bonds and no lone pairs, this means that methanol has a tetrahedral shape with respect to the carbon atom and equal bond angles of 109.5 degrees. To completing the octet of right side carbon, convert the two lone pairs of nitrogen atoms into a covalent bond. Always remember, single bond refers to sigma pairing i.e. As we know, Lewis structure or electron dot structure helps us to know, how atoms or valence electrons are arranged in a molecule. Isomer: Ethanol, Your email address will not be published. (C) arsenic is covalently bonded to three chlorine atoms. I am Savitri,a science enthusiast with a passion to answer all the questions of the universe. (4 0 8/2) = o formal charge on the right side carbon atom. You can also check its molecular geometry through the AXN method. What would the name of this compound be? thumb_up 100%. Required fields are marked *. and the next thing you notice is that this is for an ion. The central atom of this molecule is carbon. The team at Topblogtenz includes experts like experienced researchers, professors, and educators, with the goal of making complex subjects like chemistry accessible and understandable for all. There are a total of 4 single bonds in the above diagram. The highly electronegative halogen atom not only attracts the shared electron cloud of the C-Cl bond but also attracts C-H electrons. of bond pairs from the steric number. How many lone pair and bond pair electrons are present in the CH3CN lewis structure? Connect outer atoms to central atom with a single bond. For this, we have to know what the VSEPR model is. As carbon belongs to the 14th periodic group, oxygen to the 16th, and hydrogen is present in the 1st group of the periodic table. Out of these 6 electron pairs, there are 4 bond pairs and 2 lone pairs. Druw all important Lewis structures with expanded octets. Dimethyl ether, also known as methoxymethane, is a colorless gas-bearing a faint odor. In this step, we need to complete the octet of outer atoms(hydrogen and oxygen) by putting the remaining valence electron we have. The electron cloud stays non-uniformly distributed in the molecule overall. So, each oxygen atom has 8 valence electrons around them and each hydrogen has 2, hence, these atoms completed their octet comfortably. (4 0 8/2) = o formal charge on the left side carbon atom. How do I determine the molecular shape of a molecule? All the nine atoms in the molecule are in their least possible formal charge values. Required fields are marked *. The electronic configuration of carbon is 1s2 2s2 2p2. In drawing the Lewis structure for C 2 H 2 (also called ethyne) you'll find that you don't have enough valence electrons available to satisfy the octet for each element (if you use only single bonds). The C-X bond length is greater than a C-H bond length in halo alkanes where X is a halogen. CH 3 NH 2 Lewis Structure. Exception: Hydrogen tends to achieve 2 electrons in its outermost shell to fulfill the He configuration. Acetaldehyde (Ethanal) CH3CHO: Molecular Geometry. The remaining sp3 hybrid orbital of carbon forms the C-Cl sigma () bond by overlapping with the p-orbital of the chlorine atom in CH3Cl. Structure of Amines 13.7 Method of Preparation of Diazonium 13.2 Classification Salts . In this CH 2 Cl 2 molecule carbon is central atom ( it has the highest bonding capacity and it is the shortest of the octet). Here's what I get. Lets move on to the next step to completing the octet of the central atom also. Hence, as per VSEPR theory, this carbon 1 holds the electron and molecular geometry of tetrahedral. Valence shell electron-pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) enables us to predict the molecular structure, including approximate bond angles around a central atom, of a molecule from an examination of the number of bonds and lone electron pairs in its Lewis structure. It has three C-H sigma nonpolar bonds, one C-O sigma polar bond, and one O-H sigma polar bond along with the hybridization of sp3. Total number of theValence electron in carbon=4, Total number of thevalence electrons in oxygen=6, Total number of the valence electrons in hydrogen =1. HC. To know more about methanol, it is necessary to get acquainted with its bonding characteristics. Acetic acid becomes flammable and explosive over the temperature of 40C. As you see in the above figure, there is a total of 5 single bonds are place in between the atoms. Molecules of acetaldehyde have a -CH3 group, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom attached to a carbon atom. A wedge and dash projection is a drawing, a means of representing a molecule in which three types of lines are used in order to represent the three-dimensional structure: Solid lines to represent bonds that are in the plane of the paper. Vishal Goyal is the founder of Topblogtenz, a comprehensive resource for students seeking guidance and support in their chemistry studies. So, in these cases, we will convert the lone pair to a covalent bond without violating the octet of any atom. The elements present in group 1 to group 17 of the periodic table show a tendency to achieve octet valence shell configuration of the noble gas elements like Ne, Ar, and so on. Orbital hybridization refers to the combination and mixing of atomic orbitals to form hybrid orbitals. Since the steric number of the methanol molecule is 4, this means that it has tetrahedral geometry with respect to the carbon atom. On the other hand, the detailed method to calculate the hybridization of a compound is as follows; The electronic configuration of C in the ground state is 1s2 2s2 2p2 which is represented as. Transcribed image text: Molecular Geometry: Lab Report Form Complcic ane report per studen To this sheet allach all lsb nonebeck pages TA: Name: Table 1. It is mainly used as a polar aprotic solvent or as a solvent in the purification ofbutadiene in refineries. Lewis dot structures are a shorthand to represent the valence electrons of an atom. Oxygen contains 6 valence electrons which form 2 lone pairs.
Novant Health Maternity Visitor Policy, Dynasty Warriors: Gundam Reborn Xbox One, Articles C