Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Our states of consciousness change as we move from wakefulness to sleep. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. Therefore, no movement of voluntary muscles occurs during REM sleep in a normal individual; REM sleep is often referred to as paradoxical sleep because of this combination of high brain activity and lack of muscle tone. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Like many other stimulants, cocaine agonizes the dopamine neurotransmitter system by blocking the reuptake of dopamine in the neuronal synapse. Users experience increased energy, feelings of pleasure, and emotional warmth. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotists words or a ticking watch. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. The heart rate slows . Site has information/education resources on a broad range of topics, including asthma, birth defects, radiation, sanitation, lead in blood, and more. Cocaine can be taken in multiple ways. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. For example, withdrawal from sedative drugs often produces unpleasant arousal and agitation. Many of these processes, like much of psychological behavior, are rooted in our biology. One important regulator of sleep-wake cycles is the hormonemelatonin. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Acute alcohol administration results in a variety of changes to consciousness. To prevent withdrawal, many people turned to cheaper heroin, which could be bought for $5 a dose or less. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. Hypnosisis a state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli. . Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. a - a mole that looks cancerous. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. Latent content, on the other hand, refers to the hidden meaning of a dream. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. This section will describe several sleep disorders as well as some of their treatment options. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. This section will consider these questions and explore various explanations for why we sleep. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. High doses increase agitation, paranoia, can cause hallucinations. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. In fact, this relationship is so robust that some view the presence of RBD as a potential aid in the diagnosis and treatment of a number of neurodegenerative diseases (Ferini-Strambi, 2011). How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. Theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles (Figure 4.9). Stage 2 sleep is characterized by the appearance of both sleep spindles and K-complexes. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. At rather low doses, alcohol use is associated with feelings of euphoria. There may be many factors that contribute to insomnia, including age, drug use, exercise, mental status, and bedtime routines. Unlike Freud and Jung, Cartwrights ideas about dreaming have found empirical support. Despite recent changes in laws designed to make obtaining pseudoephedrine more difficult, methamphetamine continues to be an easily accessible and relatively inexpensive drug option (Shukla, Crump, & Chrisco, 2012). Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. The substantial amount of research on SIDS has led to a number of recommendations to parents to protect their children (Figure 4.14). Table 4.1shows the new recommendations, which describe sleep durations that are recommended, may be appropriate, and not recommended. Heroin produces intense feelings of euphoria and pleasure, which are amplified when the heroin is injected intravenously. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Physiologically, the body can become addicted to opiate drugs in less than a week, including when taken as prescribed. Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Few people in the United States remain untouched by the recent opioid epidemic. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. The typical episode can last from a minute or two to half an hour. (b) People practicing meditation may experience an alternate state of consciousness. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Caffeine is found in many common medicines (such as weight loss drugs), beverages, foods, and even cosmetics (Herman & Herman, 2013). Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). He suffered from no apparent anatomical brain anomalies or psychological disorders. To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. Taking a different approach to explain hypnosis, the social-cognitive theory of hypnosis sees people in hypnotic states as performing the social role of a hypnotized person. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. Many of these drugs act as agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system. In fact, ameta-analysis, which is a study that combines the results of many related studies, conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours of sleep per day (Ohayon, Carskadon, Guilleminault, & Vitiello, 2004). Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Vaping as a means to deliver nicotine is becoming increasingly popular, especially among teens and young adults. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. . Sore throat. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). The first stage of NREM sleep is known as stage 1 sleep. Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? By analyzing dreams, Freud thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Freud was not the only theorist to focus on the content of dreams. 3. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. Caffeine is another stimulant drug. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has been demonstrated to be quite effective in treating insomnia (Savard, Simard, Ivers, & Morin, 2005; Williams, Roth, Vatthauer, & McCrae, 2013).
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